OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out to compare the effects of the stepwise exposure treatments on the morphological normality, fertilization and blastocyst formation rate of the frozen-thawed mouse mature oocytes by vitrification or ultra-rapid freezing and to use as a fundamental data for the cryopreservation of human oocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The morphological normality and fertilization rates of the vitrified and ultra-rapid frozen mouse mature oocytes after three-stepwise exposure treatments (1step, 3step and 5step) were observed. After choosing the 3step exposure treatment groups, we observed the morphological normality and fertilization, blastocyst formation rate vitrified and ultra-rapid frozen mouse mature oocytes. RESULTS: The morphological normality and fertilization rates of the vitrified mouse mature oocytes after three-stepwise exposure treatments (1step, 3step and 5step) were 75%, 85%, 88% and 58%, 61%, 54% respectively. There were no significant differences among treatments (p>0.05). The morphological normality and fertilization rates of the control was 92% and 65%. There were no significant differences in fertilization rate among control and treatments (p>0.05). The morphological normality and fertilization rates of the ultra-rapid frozen mouse mature oocytes after three-stepwise exposure treatments (1step, 3step and 5step) were 83%, 83%, 84% and 75%, 63%, 56% respectively. There were no significant differences among treatments (p>0.05). The morphological normality and fertilization rate of the control was 95% and 67%. There were no significant differences among control and treatments (p>0.05). The morphological normality and fertilization rate of the vitrified or ultra-rapid frozen mouse mature oocytes after 3step exposure treatment were 69% and 75%, respectively. The blastocyst formation rate was 60% and 57%. The results did not differ significantly between vitrification and ultra-rapid freezing (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: As known in the above results, there were no significant differences in the fertilization and blastocyst formation rate of the frozen-thawed mouse mature oocytes by vitrification or ultra-rapid freezing among the control and treatments. It is suggested that vitrification and ultra-rapid freezing method were effective for the cryopreservation of mouse mature oocytes.
Animals ; Blastocyst ; Cryopreservation ; Fertilization ; Freezing* ; Humans ; Mice* ; Oocytes* ; Vitrification*

The present study was conducted to provide the basis for improvement of clinical nutrition services through development of job standards of clinical dietitian for the clinical nutrition therapy to cancer patients in hospitals. Developing A Curriculum (DACUM) method was used for job analysis and development of job standards for clinical dietitians for cancer care. Based on DACUM analysis, information about duties, tasks, and task elements of clinical dietitians for cancer care was collected. Developed job standards were applied to clinical nutrition care for cancer patients in hospitals for evaluation. Based on DACUM analysis, consultations from professionals, and field application tests, the final job standards were composed of four duties, 18 tasks, and 56 task elements. The duties consisted of nutritional assessment, nutrition diagnosis, nutrition intervention, and nutrition monitoring.evaluation. For cancer nutrition care, 109 work activities were developed. They were composed of 75 basic and 34 recommended work activities. The application of developed job standards for clinical dietitians for cancer care at 10 hospitals showed a performance rate of 72.3%. In conclusion, job standards for clinical dietitians for cancer care developed in this study might be effectively used as guidelines for providing clinical nutrition services for cancer patients in hospitals.
Curriculum ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Nutrition Assessment ; Nutrition Therapy* ; Nutritionists* ; Referral and Consultation

This study was conducted to develop job standards for clinical dietitian administering clinical nutrition therapy to diabetic patients in hospitals. Based on DACUM (Developing A Curriculum) analysis of 17 members including clinical dietitians, professors majoring in clinical nutrition and researchers, information on duties, tasks and task elements of clinical dietitians for diabetes care were derived and applied to diabetes mellitus-specific clinical nutrition care in hospitals for evaluation. The final developed job standards for clinical dietitians for diabetes care included four duties, 19 tasks and 56 task elements. The duties consisted of nutrition assessment, nutrition diagnosis, nutrition intervention, and nutrition monitoring . evaluation. For application of diabetes mellitus-specific job standards in clinical nutrition care, 108 work activities were developed and classified into 90 basic and 18 recommended types. Performance rates of standardized jobs were 80.2% at nutrition assessment, 99.6% at nutrition diagnosis, 78.5% at nutrition intervention, and 32.9% at nutrition monitoring . evaluation. These results can be applied as guidelines to implement jobs for diabetes mellitus-specific clinical nutrition services in clinical settings. In addition, they would be useful for education standards in educational institutions for education and training of clinical dietitian.
Diabetes Mellitus ; Diagnosis ; Education ; Humans ; Job Description ; Nutrition Assessment ; Nutrition Therapy* ; Nutritionists*

Dyslipidemia has significantly contributed to the increase of death and morbidity rates related to cardiovascular diseases. Clinical nutrition service provided by dietitians has been reported to have a positive effect on relief of medical symptoms or reducing the further medical costs. However, there is a lack of researches to identify key competencies and job standard for clinical dietitians to care patients with dyslipidemia. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the job components of clinical dietitian and develop the standard for professional practice to provide effective nutrition management for dyslipidemia patients. The current status of clinical nutrition therapy for dyslipidemia patients in hospitals with 300 or more beds was studied. After duty tasks and task elements of nutrition care process for dyslipidemia clinical dietitians were developed by developing a curriculum (DACUM) analysis method. The developed job standards were pretested in order to evaluate job performance, difficulty, and job standards. As a result, the job standard included four jobs, 18 tasks, and 53 task elements, and specific job description includes 73 basic services and 26 recommended services. When clinical dietitians managing dyslipidemia patients performed their practice according to this job standard for 30 patients the job performance rate was 68.3%. Therefore, the job standards of clinical dietitians for clinical nutrition service for dyslipidemia patients proposed in this study can be effectively used by hospitals.
Cardiovascular Diseases ; Curriculum ; Dyslipidemias* ; Humans ; Job Description ; Nutrition Therapy* ; Nutritionists ; Professional Practice

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of depression has been steadily increasing. This study aim to identify associations between smoking, drinking and depression in Korean adults. METHODS: The study subjects were 17,871 adults aged 19 or over who participated in the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010-2012). We performed multiple logistic regression to identify whether smoking and drinking were independently significant variables to depression after adjusting for the confounding variables. RESULTS: The proportion of having any depressive episodes was a total of 13.4% with 9.1% of male and 16.6% of female, respectively. Among all of smoking behaviors, higher cigarette consumption was only associated with depression in men. However, for women ever-smoking (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=1.63, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.38-1.92), ex-smoking (aOR=1.38, 95% CI=1.10-1.54), current smoking (aOR=1.89, 95% CI=1.53-2.94) and younger initiation of smoking (aOR=2.34, 95% CI=1.73-3.16) had significantly higher odds for depression. Moreover, and higher cigarette consumption (20 or more per day) showed significantly higher odds ratios for depression both in men (aOR=1.21, 95% CI=1.01-1.54) and women (aOR=2.41, 95% CI=1.32-4.41). For alcoholic drinking behaviors, frequent binge drinking (1 per week: aOR=1.46, 95% CI=1.16-1.85, most everyday: aOR=1.79, 95% CI=1.14-2.80) was an independent risk factor for depressive symptoms in female. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking and drinking behaviors were independently associated with depression especially in female. Smoking and drinking management may benefit depression control as well as health promotion.
Adult* ; Alcohol Drinking ; Alcoholics ; Binge Drinking ; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) ; Depression* ; Drinking Behavior ; Drinking* ; Female ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Korea* ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Smoke* ; Smoking* ; Tobacco Products

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the association between social relations, activities of daily living, cognitive functions and depressive symptoms among the Korean elderly. METHODS: Study subjects were 10,260 elderly participated in 2014 Korean National Survey on Older Adults. General characteristics, social relations, activities of daily living, cognitive functions and depressive symptoms were collected by face-to-face interview. Descriptive analyses, chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed using SAS 9.4 statistical program. RESULTS: Total 33.0% of elderly had depressive symptoms. The odds ratios (OR) for depressive symptoms were significantly higher in elderly without housemate [OR=1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.11-1.53], without contact of living children (OR=1.76, 95% CI=1.03-2.99), lower social activity (OR=2.00, 95% CI=1.71-2.35) and without contact of friends (OR=1.47, 95% CI=1.30-1.67). And impaired activity of daily living (ADL) (ADL : OR=1.61, 95% CI=1.18-2.20, instrumental activities of daily living : OR=1.68, 95% CI=1.36-2.06) and cognitive impairment (OR=1.21, 95% CI=1.07-1.38) were also associated the risk of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: Social support for elderly who lack social relationships and services to improve the daily life of elderly with impaired activities are helpful to decrease depressive symptoms. And it is necessary to investigate and manage the depressive symptoms of elderly with impaired cognitive function.
Activities of Daily Living* ; Adult* ; Aged* ; Child ; Cognition Disorders ; Cognition* ; Depression* ; Friends ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Logistic Models ; Odds Ratio ; Sociological Factors

The incidence of thyroid cancer has recently increased in most industrialized countries, including Korea. To date, few studies have examined the association between thyroid cancer and socioeconomic status (SES). The current study was based on data collected from a total of 12,276 subjects (5,277 men and 6,999 women) by the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) between 2010 and 2011. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that older age (odds ration [OR], 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-1.05), being female (OR, 8.16; 95%CI, 2.99-22.24), being overweight (OR, 1.04; 95%CI, 1.01-1.06), monthly household income (OR, 3.27; 95%CI, 1.16-9.20 for medium-highest household income vs lowest household income; OR, 3.30; 95%CI, 1.16-9.34 for highest household income vs lowest household income), educational level (OR, 2.74; 95%CI, 1.16-6.46 for 10-12 yr vs < 7 yr) and alcohol consumption (OR, 1.89; 95%CI 1.08-3.32) were significant risk factors for thyroid cancer. Our results indicate that the recent increase in thyroid cancer is attributable to better early detection rather than to any increase in actual prevalence.
Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Alcohol Drinking ; Demography ; Female ; Humans ; Income ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; *Nutrition Surveys ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Thyroid Neoplasms/economics/*epidemiology

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious complication in critically ill patients, especially in the intensive care unit (ICU). The present study was performed to evaluate the occurrence rate of AKI using the RIFLE (increasing severity classes risk, injury, and failure, and the two outcome classes loss and end-stage kidney disease) classification, to define factors associated with AKI and hospital mortality. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of all ICU patients over a 6-month period at Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Daegu, Korea. AKI was evaluated according to the RIFLE classification. RESULTS: AKI occurred in 156 of the 378 patients (41.3%) during their ICU stay, with maximum RIFLE-R, I, and F in 13.8%, 12.4%, and 15.1%, respectively. In univariate analysis, the proportion of medical admission and maximum Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (SOFAmax) were significantly higher in patients with AKI than in those without. However, these factors did not remain significant in a multivariate analysis. The overall mortality rate of ICU patients was 25.7%. In multivariate analysis, mean age, occurrence of AKI, SOFAmax score, pulmonary disease, and malignancy were independent risk factors for hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In these ICU patients, AKI is associated with increased hospital mortality. The RIFLE classification is a simple and useful clinical tool to detect and stratify the severity of AKI, and may aid in the prediction of outcome.
Aged ; Critical Illness/*mortality ; Female ; Hospital Mortality ; Hospitals, University/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units/*statistics & numerical data ; Kidney Failure, Acute/*mortality ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Renal Insufficiency, Acute/*mortality ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Survival Analysis

PURPOSE: The numbers of male nurse were steadily increased. This study was to examine the effects of gender stereotypes (GS) on academic and employment stress among male and female nursing students. METHODS: Total 414 nursing students (109 male and 305 female) were sampled from two nursing college in Gwangju. Data collected from March 5th to 17th 2015 by self-reported questionnaires. Descriptive analyses, t-tests, one-way ANOVA, correlation analyses and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to reveal the association between GS and academic and employment stress. RESULTS: Overall GS score was 2.4±0.47. And GS scores of male students (2.6±0.48) were significantly higher than the score of female students (2.4±0.45). The average scores of academic stress were similar between male student (2.1±0.46) and female students (2.2±0.47). The average score of employment stress was similar between female students (2.4±0.49) and male students (2.3±0.52). In multiple linear regression analysis, domestic GS were positively associated with academic stress in male nursing students (β=0.125, p=.009). In the case of female students, total GS (β=0.122, p=.014) and occupational GS (β=0.145, p=.017) were positively associated with academic stress. And occupational GS were positively associated with employment stress in male students (β=0.206, p=.048). In the case of female students, social GS (β=0.147, p=.012) were positively associated with employment stress. CONCLUSIONS: GS were significantly associated with academic and employment stress in both male and female students. And the association GS and stress were varied by subcategory of GS and sex. Assessment and appropriate management of GS might be helpful to decrease of stress in nursing students.
Employment* ; Female* ; Gwangju ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Male* ; Nurses, Male ; Nursing* ; Students, Nursing*

PURPOSE: Single umbilical artery (SUA), the most common malformation of the umbilical cord, has long been of interest because of its association with congenital malformations. This retrospective study was aimed to evaluate the incidence of SUA and its associated malformations. METHOD: The study population was inborn neonates of Kang-Nam Sacred Heart Hospital of Hallym University. We reviewed retrospectively the medical records of 15 infants with SUA, including 1 infant identified in prenatal ultrasonography. RESULTS: The incidence of SUA was 0.2% (15/9,351 cases). The mean birth weight was 2,658 gram (ranged from 1,060 to 3,700gram), and the mean gestational age was 38 weeks (ranged from 32 to 40 + 3weeks). Six cases (40%) of 15 cases with SUA were associated with congenital malformations : urogenital malformations in 4 cases, cardiovascular malformations in 3 cases, and musculoskeletal malformations in 3 cases. Only 1 case had abmormal karyotype, trisomy 18. CONCLUSION: Because SUA is highly associated with congenital malformations newborns with SUA should have a thorough and complete physical examination at birth and physicians should also be alert to the possibility of congenital malformations not evident at initial examination. Furthermore, prenatal detection of SUA has potential importance, since it may indicate that further work is necessary to rule out associated malformations and to help determine whether management should beltered.
Birth Weight ; Gestational Age ; Heart ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Karyotype ; Medical Records ; Parturition ; Physical Examination ; Retrospective Studies ; Single Umbilical Artery* ; Trisomy ; Ultrasonography, Prenatal ; Umbilical Cord