PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to clarify the meaning and the nature of empowerment concept in some Iranian old people suffering from chronic diseases. METHODS: Concept analysis was undertaken according to the hybrid model, which consists of three phases: an initial theoretical phase, a fieldwork phase and a final analytical phase. After an extensive review of the literature in order to describe the characteristics and definition of the concept, a fieldwork phase followed in order to empirically elucidate the empowerment concept in the Iranian old people with chronic diseases. In the third phase, attributes of empowerment were extracted from the first and second phases. Purposive sampling was done for 13 participants consisted of 7 old people with chronic diseases, 3 family caregivers of elderly adult with chronic disease and 3 health care providers with experience of care with elderly patients with chronic disease. RESULTS: The review of literature in theoretical phase determined the attributes of the concept, including "active participation", "informed change", "knowledge to problem solve", "self-care responsibility", "presence of client competency", and "control of health or life". Fieldwork phase determined attributes such as "awareness promotion", "sense of control", "the development of personal abilities", "autonomy", and "coping". In the final analytical phase, the critical attributes of old people with chronic diseases were investigated. They included "social participation", "informed change", "awareness promotion to problem solve", "presence of client competency", and "control of health or life", "autonomy", "coping" and "the development of personal abilities". CONCLUSION: The concept analysis of empowerment showed some of the required conditions for the empowerment of older people with chronic diseases in nursing care, which have not been mentioned in the literature.
*Adaptation, Psychological ; Aged/*psychology ; Aging/*psychology ; Attitude to Health ; Chronic Disease/*psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Iran ; Male ; *Models, Psychological ; *Power (Psychology)

PURPOSE: Ego-integrity in Erikson's stage theory is used frequently among health team members related to the care of the elderly and has specific meanings within the context of quality of life in later life. However, the concept of ego-integrity in the elderly has not been well articulated in the literature. This study was conducted clarify and conceptualize the phenomena of ego-integrity in the elderly. METHOD: A Hybrid Model of concept development was applied to develop a concept of ego-integrity, which included a field study carried out in Seoul, South Korea using in-depth interviews with old adults who were admitted as a right person for research subject according to attributes of ego-integrity analysed in the theoretical phase. RESULTS: The concept of ego-integrity emerged as a complex phenomenon having meanings in several different dimensions which encompassed several attributes. CONCLUSIONS: Ego-integrity is a concept having needs that should be treated in a specific way and it is possible to enrich the meaning and methods to manage ego-integrity in nursing interventions for promoting quality of life so that its application may have effects that have positive impacts on the elderly's well being.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Aged/*psychology ; Aging/psychology ; *Ego ; Female ; Geriatric Nursing ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Superego

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze types of nurse's attitudes toward the aging process. METHODS: A Q-methodology which provides a method of analyzing the subjectivity of each item was used. Thirty-four selected Q-statements from each of 38 subjects were classified into a shape of normal distribution using a 9 point scale. The collected data was analyzed using a QUANL PC program. RESULTS: Five types of attitudes towards the aging process from research subjects in Korean nurses were identified. Type I is a positive acceptance type, Type II is a negative acceptance type, Type III is a passive coping type, Type IV is an active coping type, and Type V is an ambiguous acceptance type. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that different approaches of educational programs for elderly care are recommended based on the five types of nurse's attitude toward the aging process.
Adult ; Aging/*psychology ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Nursing Staff, Hospital/*psychology ; Q-Sort ; Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop online aging and health management education for undergraduate students and to evaluate its effects analyzing the differences in knowledge and attitude toward aging and the elderly. METHOD: An Online aging and health management education program was established through analysis, planning, content framing and production, program application, and evaluation stages. The study sample consisted of 98 undergraduate students in one university in D city. The instruments used were FAQ I for knowledge of aging and a 20 item semantic differential scale for attitude toward aging and the elderly. RESULTS: The results of this study were as follows. First, undergraduate students' knowledge level was low and attitudes were negative at the baseline. Second, after the class, knowledge scores improved significantly from 14.44 to 20.12. In addition, the attitudes toward elderly and aging changed from negative to a more positive way showing a 23.57 point difference. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the online aging and health management education program was an effective educational method to improve knowledge and attitude of aging for the young generation such as college students.
Adult ; Aging/physiology/*psychology ; Curriculum ; Female ; *Health Education ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; *Internet ; Male ; Program Development ; Questionnaires ; Students/*psychology

Aging is a normal physiological process in human life. The decline in the ability to repair and regenerate predisposes the aging person to develop disabling problems in the cardiovascular and skeletal systems. Full awareness of aging problems and advocations on the means to prevent their occurrence are mounting. European and US groups rely on scientific, target-oriented means to treat aging manifestations. Oriental medicine aims at prevention, using nutrition and exercise to maintain internal harmony.
Aged ; Aging ; physiology ; psychology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Happiness ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena

OBJECTIVESTo investigate the influence of aging on male sexual function.

METHODSThe study selected 93 ED patients, aged from 23 to 64, who responded to the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire. The questionnaire includes 15 items related to male sexual activity, which are organized into 5 domains, namely, erectile function (EF), orgasmic function (OF), sexual desire (SD), intercourse satisfaction (IS) and overall satisfaction (OS). For statistical analysis, ANOVA with DUNCAN test was conducted, and statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Some other risk factors of ED such as hypertension, diabetes etc. had been excluded.

RESULTSAccording to the age, the subjects were divided into 5 groups. With age increasing, the proportion of moderate and severe in each group increased from 16.17% to 57.14%, whereas EF score decreased from (19.50 +/- 4.64) to (15.27 +/- 5.64), OF score decreased from (6.93 +/- 2.86) to (5.62 +/- 2.94), SD score decreased from (6.33 +/- 1.63) to (4.50 +/- 2.94), IS score decreased from (10.17 +/- 1.94) to (6.93 +/- 2.90), OS score decreased from (5.00 +/- 0.89) to (3.15 +/- 1.84). The tendency took on linearity (P < 0.01). Aging was negatively correlated to above mentioned scores (r = 0.98, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONAging could be thought as a risk factor of ED, which is negatively correlated with male's EF, OF, IS, OS and SD scores, furthermore. IIEF questionnaire is a useful tool assessing epidemiology of ED.

Adult ; Age Factors ; Aging ; physiology ; Erectile Dysfunction ; physiopathology ; psychology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVES: This study seeks to review some of the approaches employed to address health and well-being issues in the elderly population. METHODS: This article reviews and analyses a range of projects and approaches designed for the elderly population and aimed at preserving and/or enhancing physical and cognitive capabilities in later life. RESULTS: Various intervention measures have been developed across the globe to preserve and/or enhance physical and cognitive capabilities of the elderly population. A selection of these measures is described in this article. CONCLUSIONS: Approaches which combine games psychology and mechanics with enabling technologies designed to engage, influence and motivate elderly people can encourage healthy active aging lifestyles. Healthy active aging helps to realise a double dividend of reduced healthcare costs and an improved quality of life for the elder citizen.
Aged ; Aging* ; Cognitive Therapy ; Exercise Therapy ; Health Care Costs ; Humans ; Life Style ; Mechanics ; Psychology ; Quality of Life

PURPOSE: Allergic diseases are triggered by Th2-mediated immune reactions to allergens and orchestrated by various immunological factors, including immune cells and cytokines. Although many reports have suggested that childhood is the critical period in the onset of allergic diseases and aging leads to alter the susceptibility of an individual to allergic diseases, age-related changes in various immunological factors in healthy individuals as well as their difference between healthy and allergic children have not yet been established. METHODS: We investigated the ratio of Th1/Th2 cells and the levels of 22 allergy-related cytokines across all age groups in individuals who were classified as clinically non-atopic and healthy. We also examined their differences between healthy and allergic children to evaluate immunological changes induced by the development of allergic diseases during childhood. RESULTS: The Th1/Th2 ratio rose gradually during the growth period including childhood, reaching peak values in the twenties-thirties age group. Th1/Th2 ratios were significantly lower in allergic children than in healthy controls, whereas 14 of 22 cytokines were significantly higher in allergic children than in healthy controls. On the other hand, there were no differences in Th1/Th2 ratios and cytokines between healthy and allergic adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, age-related changes in Th1/Th2 ratios were found in normal controls across all age groups, and decreases in Th1/Th2 ratio were observed with increasing of 14 cytokines in allergic children. The results of this study may be helpful as reference values for both monitoring immunological changes according to aging in healthy individuals and distinguishing between normal and allergic subjects in terms of immune cells and soluble factors.
Adolescent ; Aging ; Allergens ; Child ; Critical Period (Psychology) ; Cytokines ; Hand ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Immunologic Factors* ; Reference Values

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether elderly and young adults differ in their recognition of facial expressions of emotion. METHODS: A total of 120 (elderly group 53, young group 67) subjects participated in this study. Korean facial expressions of emotion including happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, surprise and neutral were used as stimuli for facial affect recognition test. Computerized facial affect recognition test that consists of facial affect discrimination test and facial affect intensity test was performed. RESULTS: For facial affect discrimination test, there was a significant difference between two groups (F=3.986, p<.01) after controlling the effect of education. Elderly participants showed significantly less correct recognition rate with sadness, anger and disgust (p<.05). For facial affect intensity test, there was no significant difference between the groups in recognition of emotional intensity. Chi-square test or t-test was done according to the clinical variables. Multivariate analysis of covariance was done to test group differences of correct recognition rate and emotional intensity. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of differential decrease of facial affect recognition in elderly using Korean facial expressions. This study suggests that the decrement of facial affect recognition maye be a part of normal aging process.
Aged* ; Aging ; Anger ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Education ; Facial Expression ; Happiness ; Humans ; Multivariate Analysis ; Young Adult

BACKGROUND: Diabetes has a critical effect on elderly diabetic patients' quality of life. Elderly diabetic patients have many difficulties in diabetes self-management because their physical, psychological and social functions are decreased as a result of the aging process. Therefore, we evaluated the current status of self-management and barriers in elderly diabetic patients METHODS: The sample was 124 elderly diabetic patients (over 61 years) who visited a hospital and two senior welfare centers in Seoul from July to August 2006. The results of the study were analyzed by descriptive statistics, ANOVA, T-test, and hierarchical regression. RESULTS: 1) Diabetes self-management was composed of insulin injection, diet, exercise, foot management, smoking and drinking alcohol. An average score of self-management in the elderly diabetic patients was 4.5784. In demographic variables, only job status showed a significant effect on self-management. 2) Barriers such as 'forgetting taking diet and medication', 'being interrupted by others', and 'lack of family and social support' were significant factors in diabetes self-management. 3) These barriers for diabetes self-management were still significant in the case of controlling demographic and clinical variables. CONCLUSION: Diabetic educator should identify the significant factors that affect patient's self-management such as whether they have a full-time job, or the type of their job. In addition, diabetes education should focus on assertiveness training to deal with various interpersonal barriers and empowerment for enhancing patient's self-efficacy. These approaches would benefit patients who experience barriers of diabetes self-management
Aged ; Aging ; Assertiveness ; Diet ; Drinking ; Foot ; Humans ; Insulin ; Power (Psychology) ; Quality of Life ; Self Care ; Smoke ; Smoking