Inflammaging is the chronic, systematic, and controllable upregulation of a pro-inflammation state with advancing age. Chronic low-grade inflammation accompanied by sustained stimuli is correlated with various age-related diseases (ARDs). Recent studies on ARDs have prompted further research interest in the inner mechanisms underlying inflammaging to establish prevention and treatment plans for inflammatory diseases. In this article, we discuss inflammaging and its significant role in periodontitis.
Aging ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Periodontitis ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo review the senescent remodeling of the immune system with aging and its relevance to the increased susceptibility of the elderly to infectious diseases, along with an outlook on emerging immunological biomarkers.

DATA SOURCESThe data selected were from PubMed with relevant published articles in English or French from 1995 to the present. Searches were made using the terms "immunosenescence" and "aging" paired with the following: "innate immunity", "T-cell", "B-cell", "adaptive immunity" and "biomarkers". Articles were reviewed for additional citations and some information was gathered from web searches.

STUDY SELECTIONArticles on aging of both the innate and adaptive immunity were reviewed, with special attention to the remodeling effect on the ability of the immune system to fight infectious diseases. Articles related to biomarkers of immunosenescence were selected with the goal of identifying immunological biomarkers predisposing the elderly to infections.

RESULTSInnate immunity is generally thought to be relatively well preserved or enhanced during aging compared with adaptive immunity which manifests more profound alterations. However, evidence, particularly in the last decade, reveals that both limbs of the immune system undergo profound remodeling with aging. Reported data on adaptive immunity is consistent and changes are well established but conflicting results about innate immunity were reported between in vivo and in vitro studies, as well as between murine and human studies. Epidemiological data suggests increased predisposition of the elderly to infections, but no compelling scientific evidence has directly linked senescent immune remodeling to this increased susceptibility. Recently, growing interest in identifying immunological biomarkers and defining "immune risk phenotypes/profiles" (IRP) has been expressed. Identification of biomarkers is in its early days and few potential biomarkers have been identified, with the Swedish having defined one IRP based on the adaptive immune response.

CONCLUSIONSAging does not necessarily lead to an unavoidable decline in immune functions. Instead, a complex remodeling occurs. Despite the lack of compelling scientific evidence, senescent immune remodeling surely is a significant contributing factor to the increased risk and severity of infections in the elderly. Although, no immunological biomarker has been formally linked to the increased risk of infections in the elderly, biomarkers remain a promising tool to predict the likelihood of healthy aging, the level of immune competence, and mortality risk in the elderly. Hence, more research is required to define healthy aging and identify immunological biomarkers.

Adaptive Immunity ; immunology ; Aging ; immunology ; physiology ; Animals ; Humans ; Immune System ; immunology ; Immunity, Innate ; immunology ; Infection ; immunology

The function of immune system degenerates in an aging-dependent manner and this results in immunosenescence. Human immune system includes two parts: genetic/innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The former is involved in monocytes, nature killer cells, and dendritic cells, the later is involved in acquired B and T lymphocytes. During the aging of immunity system, the both parts of immunity are damaged to some degree. Generally, innate immunity seems well-retained and the acquired immunity is degenerative seriously with aging. Immunocyte senescence is closely related to the elderly decreased ability to control infectious disease, cancer and to their generally poor response to vaccination. This review summarized the research progress on immunosenescence characteristics in aged phase.
Age Factors ; Aging ; immunology ; Antibody Formation ; immunology ; Cellular Senescence ; Humans ; Immunity, Cellular ; immunology ; Lymphocyte Activation

OBJECTIVEAge-related increment of the prevalence of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells were described controversially, and whether such changes explain immune dysfunction in the elderly is still unclear. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the role of the Tregs in immunosenescence.

METHODSMedline and manual searches were performed to identify all published epidemiological and animal studies investigating the efficacy of the association between immunosenescence and Treg cells.

RESULTSIt was founded that the frequency, phenotypic characteristics, and number/function of Tregs were altered significantly with aging. Medical conditions in individuals with advanced ageas well as apoptosis intensity of Treg cells had an impact on the accumulation of Tregs which in turn could deteriorate cytotoxic activity of CD8(+) T and NK cells and production of IL-2. The range of immune cells that could be suppressed by Treg cells was quite wide and covered CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells, NK cells, dendritic cells and even monocytes. These changes were observed both in humans and experimental animals. Besides, it was believed that frequency of Tregs increased with age and was accompanied by intensified suppressive activity for Tregs in patients, for example, with Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD). The impaired condition of CD4(+) T cells, so-called immunosenescence, rendered transplant recipients less responsive to an allogeneic kidney graft, an effect that was limited to transplant recipients who were aged over 60 years.

CONCLUSIONSTreg cells are associated with immunosenescence. All these changes contribute to the aging-related decline of immune responses and lead to the higher risk of immune-mediated diseases, cancer or infections in aged individuals.

Aging ; immunology ; Animals ; CD4 Antigens ; immunology ; Humans ; Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit ; immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory ; immunology

Age Factors ; Aging ; immunology ; physiology ; Animals ; Lymphocyte Activation ; immunology ; Male ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; physiology ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Swimming ; physiology ; Thymus Gland ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo explore the improvement effect and the regulating mechanism of electroacupuncture with "Shuanggu Yitong" prescription methods on learning memory and immunosenescence in aging rats with yang deficiency.

METHODSForty female Sprague-Dawley rats, 5-month-old, were randomly divided into a normal control (NC) group, an aging yang deficiency model (M) group, an electroacupuncture with Shuanggu Yitong prescription methods (EA) group and an electroacupuncture control (EAC) group, 10 rats in each group. The aging model rats with yang deficiency were established by hypodermic injection of D-galactose for 40 days and then intramuscular injection of Hydrocortisone for 7 days in the latter three groups except the NC group The EA group was treated with electroacupuncture at "Guanyuan" (CV 4), "Housanli" (ST 36) and "Baihui" (GV 20), and the EAC group was treated with electroacupuncture at "Zhongji" (CV 3), "Yinlingquan" (SP 9) and "Yintang" (EX-HN 3), six times per week for 4 weeks. The escape latency was examined by Morris water maze from the first day of the 4th week. After completion of electroacupuncture treatment, the rate of spleen lymphocyte apoptosis and the serum content of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-alpha) were examined by flow cytometry and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique respectively, the differences among all the groups above were compared.

RESULTSIn comparison with the NC group, the escape latency [(25.4 +/- 3. 6)s vs. (16.23 +/- 2.3)s], the rate of spleen lymphocyte apoptosis [(27.25 +/- 3.3)% vs. (13.2 +/- 3.1)%] and the serum content of TNF-alpha [(15.54 +/- 3.56) pg/mL vs (7.35 +/- 2.89) pg/mL] in the M group those were all significantly increased (all P < 0.01). In the EA group, the escape latency of (17.42 +/- 3.9)s, the rate of spleen lymphocyte apoptosis of (17.2 +/- 3.25)% and the serum content of TNF-alpha of (9.51 +/- 3.53) pg/mL were all significantly lower than those in the M group (all P < 0.01) and the EAC group (all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONElectroacupuncture with "Shuanggu Yitong" prescription can significantly improve the spatial learning and memory. The protective mechanism is related with the action of electroacupuncture in lowering the rate of spleen lymphocyte apoptosis and the serum content of TNF-alpha, and the therapeutic effect of electroacupuncture at "Guanyuan" (CV 4), "Housanli" (ST 36) and "Baihui" (GV 20) is superior to that of electroacupuncture at "Zhongji" (CV 3), "Yinlingquan" (SP 9) and "Yintang" (EX-HN 3).

Acupuncture Points ; Aging ; immunology ; psychology ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Electroacupuncture ; Female ; Humans ; Lymphocytes ; cytology ; immunology ; Memory ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Spleen ; cytology ; immunology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; blood ; immunology ; Yang Deficiency ; immunology ; physiopathology ; psychology ; therapy

The protective efficacy of DNA plasmids encoding avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) S1, N, or M protein was investigated in chickens. Chickens were inoculated monovalently (with plasmid pVAX1-16S1, pVAX1-16M, or pVAX1-16N alone) or multivalently (combination of the three different plasmids, pVAX1-16S1/M/N). A prime-boost immunization protocol against IBV was developed. Chickens were immunized with the multivalent DNA vaccine twice and then boosted with an inactivated vaccine once. Antibody titers of the chickens immunized with pVAX1-16S1/M/N were much higher than those of the monovalent groups (p < 0.01). A protective rate up to 90% was observed in the pVAX1-16S1/M/N group. The serum antibody titers in the prime-boost birds were significantly higher than those of the multivalent DNA vaccine group (p < 0.01) but not significantly different compared to the inactivated vaccine group at 49 days of age. Additionally, the prime-boost group also showed the highest level of IBV-specific cellular proliferation compared to the monovalent groups (p < 0.01) but no significant difference was found compared to the multivalent DNA vaccine group, and the prime-boost group completely protected from followed viral challenge.
Aging ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Cell Proliferation ; Chickens ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control/*veterinary/virology ; Immunization, Secondary/veterinary ; Infectious bronchitis virus/*immunology ; Poultry Diseases/*prevention & control/virology ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology/physiology ; Vaccines, DNA/immunology ; Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology ; Viral Vaccines/*immunology

Different functions have been attributed to CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs) during malaria infection. Herein, we describe the disparity in Treg response and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines during infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA between young (3-week-old) and middle-aged (8-month-old) C57BL/6 mice. Young mice were susceptible to cerebral malaria (CM), while the middle-aged mice were resistant to CM and succumbed to hyperparasitemia and severe anemia. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, in young CM-susceptible mice were markedly higher than in middle-aged CM-resistant mice. An increased absolute number of Tregs 3-5 days post-inoculation, co-occurring with elevated IL-10 levels, was observed in middle-aged CM-resistant mice but not in young CM-susceptible mice. Our findings suggest that Treg proliferation might be associated with the suppression of excessive pro-inflammatory Th1 response during early malaria infection, leading to resistance to CM in the middle-aged mice, possibly in an IL-10-dependent manner.
Aging/*immunology ; Animals ; Cytokines/genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Malaria/*immunology/*parasitology ; Mice ; Plasmodium berghei/*classification ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/classification/*physiology

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of the Rich Selenium-Banqiao-Codonopsis Pilosula (BCPA) injecta on the aged rats' immune functions and its underlying mechanism.

METHODSTotally 60 rats, composed of 2, 12 and 22 month age old (half male and half female), were served as a young group, middle-age group and aged group respectively. Each group rats were randomly divided into the control and the BCPA subgroup (n = 10). The BCPA group was injected with BCPA at 7.2 g/kg intraperitoneally every day and the control group was injected the same volume of normal saline. All rats were conventionally fed for 45 days. An immune injection was performed after 15 days of BCPA injection. On the 22nd day, late-onset immune response would be induced. The caudal vein blood was collected and the antigen specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a antibody was detected on the 15th, 30th and 45th day. On the 45th day, the major T cell subgroups of splenic cells were analyzed and splenic cells were proliferated.

RESULTSNo significant difference in the delayed-type hypersensivity (DTH) reaction was found between the control and the BCPA subgroups in the young and middle-aged rats while the aged BCPA subgroup had a stronger DTH reaction. There was no significant difference in the blood content of specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a antibody between the young and middle-age BCPA group while the aged BCPA group rats had an obvious enhancing reaction to the three antibodies mentioned above (P < 0.05). There was no obvious difference in the number of the CD3+ lymphocytes and the CD4+ T helper lymphocytes between the control and the BCPA subgroup in the young aged rats while a significant increase was spotted between the middle-aged and the aged group (P < 0.05). The splenic cells from young BCPA group rats had a strong proliferation response (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONBCPA can enhance DTH reaction, potentiate the production of specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a antibody to resist KLH, improve the reaction to antigen, increase the amount of CD4+ cell, promote the immune response and had an important role in anti-immunosenescence and antioxidant capacity improvement in the aged rats.

Aging ; Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; immunology ; Codonopsis ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Female ; Immune System ; drug effects ; Immunoglobulin G ; blood ; Male ; Rats ; Selenium ; pharmacology ; Spleen ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of Bushen Huayu Composite (BSHY) on interleukin-2 (IL-2) secretion and IL-2 receptor expression in the aged.

METHODSIL-2 was examined by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) method and IL-2 dependent cellular stains, IL-2 receptor expression was examined by FACS-indirect immunofluorescence.

RESULTSAging could result in the decrease in lymphocytic IL-2 secretion and IL-2 receptor expression (P < 0.01, P < 0.05), which could be improved by BSHY (P < 0.01, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONBSHY has significant up-regulatory effect on immune function of lymphocytes in the aged.

Adjuvants, Immunologic ; pharmacology ; Aged ; Aging ; drug effects ; immunology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Female ; Humans ; Interleukin-2 ; blood ; Lymphocytes ; immunology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phytotherapy ; Receptors, Interleukin-2 ; blood