BACKGROUND: Mivacurium has a characteristics of rapid onset and the shortest duration of non- depolarizing neuromuscular relaxants and the onset of action could be accelerate more rapidly by using priming principle. The purpose of this study was to compare the onset time of mivacurium by priming principle with succinylcholine during rapid endotracheal intubation. METHODS: 36 patients were randomly divided into 3 groups: mivacurium group by priming principle (Group 1), mivacurium group by bolus injection (Group 2) and succinylcholine group (Group 3). In Group 1, subparalyzing dose of 0.02 mg/kg was administered 2 minutes before principle dose of 0.25 mg/kg was given. Onset time and intubating conditions were observed when twitch tension was reduced by 25% block in each group. RESULTS: The onset of Group 1 (75 sec) was significantly faster than that of Group 2 (90 sec) (p<0.05) but was significantly slower than that of Group 3 (37.5 sec) (p<0.05). Intubating conditions were excellent in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: The attempts of priming principle with mivacurium could accelerate the onset of action of mivacurium compared with that of bolus injection but their onsets were shorter than those produced by succinylcholine.
Humans ; Intubation, Intratracheal* ; Succinylcholine*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to find what medical students think the reward for their future work should be and whether they would keep their ideals or abandon them for prestige and wealth by analyzing the book reports of Cronin's The Citadel. METHODS: Participants were 50 medical students of junior class. A month before the classroom lecture, the book and digital video disk were provided. Students had discussions in groups of seven and wrote book reports which include answers of three questions. RESULTS: Regarding what should be the reward for the medical doctor, two-thirds of students (66.7%) answered with spiritual compensation, while one-third (33.3%) chose material reward. In the situation presented to Manson, three-fifths (60.0%) answered they would keep their ideals (idealist), while the remaining two-fifths (40.0%) decided they would abandon them. Less than one-third of students (30.0%) answered they would reveal the corruptions of the doctor's society, while two-thirds (64.0%) would not. CONCLUSION: The larger number of idealists who prefer spiritual reward rather than a material reward represents the innocence of youth as in portrayed in The Citadel.
Adolescent ; Compensation and Redress ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature ; Reward ; Students, Medical

A wide range of cognitive impairments and depression can be observed in most patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). But the underlying mechanism of these changes has not to be clarified yet. This study evaluated whether the frontal lobe dysfunctions contribute to the cognitive deficits in PD by comparison with age and education-matched controls. The neuropsychological tests known to be sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction were performed to 38 patients with PD and matched 24 controls. These were composed of 'Category Fluency Test (CFT)' including objects, animals, & nations and 'Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)'. General cognition and depression were measured 'Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE)' and 'Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)' respectively. We examined the degree of motor disabilities in PD using the Hoehn-Yahr Stage. Patients with PD were assessed before noon and during the ""On"" time of levodopa to reduce the diurnal variation of mood and drug effects. Although PD patients, compared with controls, showed decreased ability in attention & calculation, memory, and visuo-spatial construction, the most prominent deficit was frontal lobe dysfunction evaluated with WCST and CFTs. Cognitive impairments in PD did not attribute to the discrepancy of education level or associated depression. So we suggest that the frontal lobe dysfunction may play an important role for cognitive impairments in PD.
Animals ; Cognition ; Depression ; Education ; Frontal Lobe* ; Humans ; Levodopa ; Memory ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Parkinson Disease*

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to understand the meaning of mind control as it is understood by elderly persons in Korea. METHOD: This study was conducted by engaging three elderly persons who are over the age of sixty five and presently residing in Seoul. Several in depth interviews were conducted with these individuals from March 2003 until November 2003. The contents of the interviews were analyzed using the Giorgi Method (1985), which places the emphasis on discovering meaning within the phenomenological context of an individual's experience. RESULTS: The analysis of the contents revealed the following four components with regard to the meaning of mind control for elderly persons (1) Settling the mind (2) Gradual lowering of expectations and hope for the success of offspring, (3) Having good thoughts and acting accordingly, and (4) Making up one's mind to follow the 'natural flow of life'. CONCLUSION: By allowing a wider and deeper understanding of the meaning of mind control for elderly persons the results of this study provide a basis for improving the care of elderly with a holistic perspective.
Aged* ; Hope ; Humans ; Korea* ; Life Change Events ; Seoul

No abstract available.
Abdominal Wall* ; Diagnosis* ; Fetus*

The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of nitric oxide on the retinal vascular relaxation and retinal toxic effect.in pigmented rabbits. S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D, L-penicillamine[SNAP], as a NO onor, dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide[DMSO]was injected into vitreal space.N-acetyl-D, L-penicillamine[NAP]was used as a control. We used Doppler Ultrasound to measures blood flow velocity.In the flow velocity between NAP group and SNAP group, the resistance index did not differ significantly for both central retinal artery and ciliary artery[p>0.05] 3 to 6 hours after NAP &SNAP injection. On electroretinographic study, a-wave amplitude of maximal combined response was reduced in SNAP treated group.In contrast, b/a ratio was increased between 3 hours and 6 hours after injection.Histologic examinations showed vacuolar degeneration and clumping and lysis of nuclei of photoreceptors.Lysosome and autophagic vacuoles were also noted in the cytoplasm of outer neuronal cells.In conjunction with above results, further studies about should be required to find the optimal concentration of NO & NO donor with minimal retinal toxicity and maximal therapeutic effect.
Blood Flow Velocity* ; Cytoplasm ; Humans ; Neurons ; Nitric Oxide* ; Rabbits ; Relaxation ; Retinal Artery ; Retinaldehyde* ; Tissue Donors ; Ultrasonography* ; Vacuoles

This study was alone to identify the meaning and the essence of the menopause experience by means of the Colaizzi's phenomenological method. The participants were eight women, 48-60 years old, who were experiencing perimenopause or postmenopause. They were selected using a theoretical sampling technique. Data were collected through in-depth interviews from April 6 to May 20, 1999. The interviews took from 40 to 90 minutes. Interviews were tape- recorded and analyzed using the constant comparative method. Significant statements from data were extracted. From these formulated meanings, 18 themes, 8 clusters of themes and 3 catagories were constructed. Final descriptions were found to be valid through the interviewee validation process. Essential themes of the menopausal experience which emerged were "coming of change", "inclined to deny the in mind", and "adapted life". Menopause, as coming of change was the turning point in the women's life cycle acompaning changes, in body and mind and marital life changes. Especially, the unpredictable menopausal changes were an opportunity to hide the fact of menopause and not to talk with anybody. Such a phenomenon reflected on the psychological attributes of menopausal woman such as an inclination to deny in the mind. Their experiences of menopause as adapted life were generally regarded as signalling the end of fertility and were interpreted as a natural developmental process that indicates a life transition. In conclusion, participants depicted the menopause as a natural stage in the life cycle. In order to help women have a positive life change and self accomplishment, nurses need to understand the essential themes of the menopausal experience. Thus, the importance of an open approach in eliciting the phenomena of menopause cannot be overemphasized. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that exercise program is one of the effective interventions to improve the self-efficacy and also to lower the fatigue in the sample of female college students.
Climacteric ; Fatigue ; Female ; Fertility ; Humans ; Life Cycle Stages ; Menopause ; Perimenopause ; Postmenopause

No abstract available.
Infection Control* ; National Health Programs*

Either increased cellular proliferation or decreased death might result in an expansion of their numbers in the oncogenic process. Cellular apoptosis represents an autonomous suicide pathway that helps to restrict the cell number. However bcl-2 and mutant p53 inhibit programmed cell death. To determine whether the bcl-2 gene is activated during colorectal tumorigenesis and whether it has any relationship with p53 and apoptosis, we studied the expression of bcl-2 and p53 in the normal colonic mucosa, in the adenomatous polyps and in the adenocarcinomas using the immunohistochemical method. Also we evaluated the status of apoptosis using the in situ end labeling method. The bcl-2 immunoreactivity was restricted to the basal epithelial cells of all normal colonic mucosa and they were expressed in all adenomas and 86% of adenocarcinomas, especially in the superficial lesion of some tumors. Mutations of p53 were not found in the normal colonic mucosa, but they were present in dysplastic cells of adenomas (52%) and in cancer cells of the adenocarcinomas (47%). Apoptosis was confined to the tips of the normal colonic mucosa. It was more easily detected in the p53-positive adenomas than in the p53-negative adenomas (p=0.010). In the adenocarcinomas, the findings of apoptotic process are not related with p53 mutation (p=0.3) and bcl-2 expression (p=0.187). p53 and bcl-2 are probably one step of several apoptotic processes in the adenocarcinomas.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Adenoma* ; Adenomatous Polyps ; Apoptosis* ; Carcinogenesis ; Cell Count ; Cell Death ; Cell Proliferation ; Colon ; Epithelial Cells ; Genes, bcl-2 ; Mucous Membrane ; Suicide

This study was carried out to compare the difference between assist(A) and controlled(C) ventilation group's blood gases during the general anesthesia. All samples were taken from the radial artery. The results were as follows, 1) Pa CO2was increased to 43. 9 5torr+/-7. 85 in group A and decreased to 28. 65 torr+/-6. 05 in group C. (p(0. 005) 2) Acidemia(7.335+/-0.51) in group A and alkalemia(7. 481+/-0.07) in group C were noticed. (p(0. 005) 3) B.E. and bicarbonate levels were within normal range in both groups. It's necessary to choose the patterns of ventilation before anesthesia, because of the anesthesiologist were apt to give alveolar hyperventilation during the controlled ventilation manually, but mild respiratory acidosis were developed during the assist ventilation.
Acidosis, Respiratory ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Blood Gas Analysis* ; Gases ; Hyperventilation ; Radial Artery ; Reference Values ; Ventilation