Sixty parturients scheduled for elective cesarean section at term under epidural anesthesia were randomly divided into one of two groups. Group 1 patients were given a prepared 2% lidocaine solution with 1:200,000 epinephrine plus 1ml of normal saline per 10ml of lidocaine; the solution pH was 2.45. Group 2 patients were given a prepared 2% lidocaine solution with 1:200,000 epinephrine plus 1ml(lmEq) NaHCO3 per 10ml of lidocaine; the solution pH was 7.20. Just before injection, either 2ml normal saline(group 1)or 2ml(2mEq) 8.4 % NaHCO3 solution(group 2) was added to 20ml 2% lidocaine hydrochloride with 1:200, 000 epinephrine. The time to onset of the T5 sensory block (time between completion of injection and loss of cold sensation at T5 dermatome) was significantly more rapid in the group 2 that received the pH adjusted solution. The mean onset time was 4.9+/-1.3 min in the group 2 and 6.4+/-2.0 min in the group 1. The time to peak level was also significantly more rapid in the group 2 at 10.5+/-2.7 min and group 1 at 13.3+/-4.0 min. But the peak level was not statistically signifieant between the two groups. The spread of sensory blockade was significantly more rapid in the pH-adjusted group at 5, 10 and 15 min after epi- dural injection. Incidence of maternal hypotension during the operation did not differ signifi- cantly between the two groups. The time from end of injection to Bromage scale 0 did not differ significantly between the two groups.
Anesthesia, Epidural ; Cesarean Section* ; Epinephrine ; Female ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hypotension ; Incidence ; Lidocaine* ; Pregnancy ; Sensation ; Sodium Bicarbonate

Most obstetric anesthesiologist now consider epidural anesthesia to be the preferred anesthetic technique for patients with preeclampsia. In the severe preeclampsia effective ciirculatory volume is usually low, so appropriate preanesthetic hydration is essential feature of safe management. We performed CVP monitoring before epidural anesthesia in nine severe preeclamptic patients undergoing cesarean section. Mean CVP of them was 2+/-1 mm Hg which was not significantly different from normal term parturient. In four patients whose CVP was less than 2 mmHg, preanesthetic hydration with Hartman's solution 500~700 rrd was performed under the monitoring of CVP until it became to rise 2~3 mmHg. Five patients out of nine whose systolic blood pressure dropped below 100 mmHg during anesthesia were IV injected ephedrine 4 mg immmediately and three of them needed repeat injection of ephedrine 4 mg. With the monitoring of CVP, the operations of all the nine severe preeclamptic patients were completed successfully without any problem during and after anesthesia. lt is important to reaUze the limitation of central venous pressure monitoring : but if used with caution in proper circumstance it can provide clinically useful information with minimal risk to the patient.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Blood Pressure ; Central Venous Pressure* ; Cesarean Section ; Ephedrine ; Female ; Humans ; Pre-Eclampsia* ; Pregnancy

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery bypass graft with cardiopulmonary bypass is the standard surgical coronary revascularization procedure; however, there are many adverse effects such as air embolism, and high rate of neurologic and coagulation complications. In this article, we describe hemodynamic alterations during coronary bypass grafting (CABG) without cardiopulmonary bypass but using a medical tissue stabilizer. METHODS: Thirty patients were included in our study who underwent an off-pump CABG (OPCAB) between 1/1999 and 12/1999. RESULTS: We created 73 anastomoses. Movement of the heart to reach the target site of anastomosis caused hemodynamic alterations. These could be corrected by anesthetic interventions such as fluid load and low dose inotropics. Complications included postoperative panperitonitis (one patient), and delirium tremens (one patient). On the other hand, major complications, such as intraoperative myocardial infarction and stroke did not occur. The median postoperative length of hospital stay was 14 days. Overall operative mortality was 3.3% (one patient). CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the present data, off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting appeared to be a safe and effective technique in selected patients with appropriate coronary lesions. Off-pump CABG surgery requires anesthetic interventions because hemodynamic alterations are caused by the presentation of the heart to the surgeon.
Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium ; Cardiopulmonary Bypass ; Coronary Artery Bypass ; Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump* ; Embolism, Air ; Hand ; Heart ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Length of Stay ; Mortality ; Myocardial Infarction ; Stroke ; Transplants*

PURPOSE: Kawasaki disease(KD) is a multisystemic inflammatory vasculitis of unknown etiology, but immunological abnormalities have been documented and implicated in the pathogenesis of KD. Matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs) have proteolytic activity against connective tissue proteins, and increased activity of MMPs and a quantitative imbalance between MMP and tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP) can result in several pathologic conditions. MMP and TIMP may also be involved in the formation of coronary arterial lesions in KD. METHODS: Serum levels of MMP1, MMP2, MMP9, TIMP1, TIMP2, interleukin(IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-alpha were measured in 27 KD patients(group I, 10 patients with normal coronary artery; group II, 17 patients with coronary arterial lesions) and 15 healthy children(group III). Blood samples from each study group were drawn before and after intravenous immunoglobulin(IVIG) therapy and in the convalescent stage. RESULTS: The MMP9 levels and MMP9/TIMP2 ratios before and after IVIG therapy were significantly higher in group II. The MMP9 levels were significantly higher before IVIG therapy, and decreased through the convalescent stage. The IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels were also significantly higher in group II than in the other groups. The serum MMP9 levels showed significantly positive correlation with the circulating leukocyte counts and IL-6 levels. CONCLUSION: The increased levels of MMP and the imbalance between MMP and TIMP increase the susceptibility to the coronary arterial lesions in KD. The cytokines including IL-6 and TNF-alpha are also important in the activation of MMP and formation of coronary arterial lesions in KD.
Connective Tissue ; Coronary Vessels ; Cytokines* ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous ; Interleukin-6 ; Leukocyte Count ; Matrix Metalloproteinases* ; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome* ; Necrosis ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Vasculitis

BACKGROUND: Coal workers' pneumoconiosis is a fibrotic lung disease resulting from chronic inhalation of coal dust. The precise mechanism of lung fibrosis in coal workers' pneumoconiosis is uncertain. However, a relationship between the stimulation of fibroblast proliferation and collagen production by mediators released from inflammatory and resident lung cells is thought to be a major factor. The transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β), a multifunctional cytokine and growth factor, plays a key role in the scarring and fibrotic processes due to its ability to induce extracellular matrix proteins and modulate the growth and immune function of many cell types. To determine the involvement of TGF-βin the development of lung fibrosis in coal workers' pneumoconiosis, the TGF-β1 level in plasma was measured in patients with coal workers' pneumoconiosis. METHODS: Plasma was collected from 40 patients with coal workers' pneumoconiosis (20 with simple coal workers' pneumoconiosis and 20 with complicated coal workers' pneumoconiosis) and from 10 normal controls. The ELISA method was used to measure the plasma TGF-β1 concentration. RESULTS: Compared to the control group (0.63±0.18 ng/mL), there was no significant difference in the plasma TGF-β1 level in patients with simple coal workers' pneumoconiosis (0.64±0.17 ng/mL) (p>.05). However, in patients with complicated coal workers' pneumoconiosis the plasma TGF-β1 level (0.79±0.18 ng/mL) was significantly higher than in patients with simple coal workers' pneumoconiosis and control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The data suggests that TGF-β1 has some influence in the development of lung fibrosis in coal workers' pneumoconiosis.
Cicatrix ; Coal* ; Collagen ; Dust ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins ; Fibroblasts ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Lung ; Lung Diseases ; Plasma* ; Pneumoconiosis* ; Pulmonary Fibrosis

OBJECTIVE: To understand the clinical manifestations and disease course of adult onset Still' s disease (AOSD). METHODS: 15 patients of AOSD diagnosed at Severance hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine were retrospectively analysed in the period of September 1988 to September 1995. RESULTS: There were 3 men and 12 women (male to female ratio of 1:4). Age of disease onset ranged from 17-55 years, and over 86% of the patients were younger than age 40 at disease onset. The prevalence of clinical features were as follows fever (100%), arthritis (93%), skin rash (93%), sore throat (60%), abnormal liver function (73%), lymphadenopathy (47%), splenomegaly (47%), hepatomegaly (20%), serositis (13%). Fever was the most common initial symptom. Common labaratory features were leukocytosis with neutrophilia (87%), anemia' Hgb <10 g/dL (67%), increased serum ferritin (83%), ESR (87%) and CRP (93%). Serum ferritin was markedly raised at disease onset and correlated with disease activity. In 2 patients, the disease was controlled with NSAID alone, but most of the patients required steroid to control the disease activity. In 6 patients, MTX was added for steroid sparing effect and for steroid resistant arthritis. Most of AOSD patients had intermittent and chronic disease course. Root joint arthritis and polyarthritis were factors associated with chronicity. CONCLUSION: The clinical features of AOSD in our study generally resemble previous reports. Serum ferritin was a useful marker of disease activity. Most patients of AOSD had intermittent and chronic disease course. Root joint athritis and polyarticular pattern at disease onset were factors associated with chronicity.
Adult* ; Arthritis ; Chronic Disease ; Exanthema ; Female ; Ferritins ; Fever ; Hepatomegaly ; Humans ; Joints ; Leukocytosis ; Liver ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Male ; Pharyngitis ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; Serositis ; Splenomegaly ; Still's Disease, Adult-Onset*

PURPOSE: Hyperhomocysteinemia is known as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclesosis and myocardiac infarct. A common mutation in 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase(MTHFR) gene results in a valine for alanine substitution, which makes enzyme thermolabile and reduces enzymal activity. We examined the relation of MTHFR genetic mutation and Kawasaki disease. METHODS: We extracted DNA from the peripheral blood of Kawasaki disease patients who were treated in Ewha University Mokdong Hospital between January 2000 and June 2003, and normal children. We genotyped for the polymorphism by using PCR of known alleic varients and digested them with Hinfl restriction enzyme. Products were visualized after electrophoresis in 2.5% agarose gel. RESULTS:The respective prevalence of the homozygous and heterozygous genotypes(CC genotype, CT genotype, TT genotype) was 33.3%, 38.9%, and 27.8% in the control group and 31.3%, 47.9%, and 20.8% in the Kawasaki disease group(P>0.05). CONCLUSION:The mutation of MTHFR gene shows no relation to development of coronary artery complications in Kawasaki disease.
Alanine ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Child ; Coronary Vessels ; DNA ; Electrophoresis ; Gene Expression* ; Genotype ; Humans ; Hyperhomocysteinemia ; Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) ; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Sepharose ; Valine

BACKGROUND: We have investigated the possibility of rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg and timing principle application with the same dose for rapid sequence induction (RSI) in 65 children, aged 4-8 yr. METHODS: Sixty five patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups; Group A (n = 31, timing principle application) received rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg) followed by administration of propofol (2.5 mg/kg), and group B (n = 36) received rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg) after administration of propofol. Intubation was assessed at 60 seconds just after administration of last injectants. Intubating conditions (jaw relaxation, vocal cord movement, and response to tracheal intubation) were evaluated as excellent, good, fair and poor. RESULTS: Excellent intubation conditions were obtained in 87% in group A and 61% in group B. However, clinically acceptable intubation conditions which means excellent and good did not show any significant difference as 100% (group A) and 99% (group B). CONCLUSIONS: In cases of pediatiric patients undergoing elective surgery, RSI was possible irrespective of the use of timing principle.
Aged ; Androstanols ; Child ; Humans ; Intubation ; Propofol ; Relaxation ; Vocal Cords

The tumorous type of endobronchial tuberculosis was reported to be 5 to 10% in the bronchoscopic examination. It was protruding mass that tuberculous mediastinal lymph node ruptured into the bronchial lumen. Generally histologic examination has been performed for purpose of differentiation, because the tumorous type of endobronchial tuberculosis simulate lung cancer in bronchoscopic finding. A case considering operation similar to bronchial adenoma in the bronchoscopic finding was confirmed to endobronchial tuberculosis by positive AFB and disapperance of mass after antituberculosis medication. Case history was presented and reviewed.
Adenoma* ; Bronchoscopy ; Lung Neoplasms ; Lymph Nodes ; Tuberculosis*

PURPOSE: This study evaluated fracture resistance with regard to ferrule lengths and post reinforcement on endodontically treated mandibular premolars incorporating a prefabricated post and resin core. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred extracted mandibular premolars were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=20): intact teeth (NR); endodontically treated teeth (ETT) without post (NP); ETT restored with a prefabricated post with ferrule lengths of either 0 mm (F0), 1 mm (F1), or 2 mm (F2). Prepared teeth were restored with metal crowns. A thermal cycling test was performed for 1,000 cycles. Loading was applied at an angle of 135 degrees to the axis of the tooth using a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 2.54 mm/min. Fracture loads were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test using a statistical program (α=.05). RESULTS: There were statistical differences in fracture loads among groups (P<.001). The fracture load of F2 (237.7 ± 83.4) was significantly higher than those of NP (155.6 ± 74.3 N), F0 (98.8 ± 43.3 N), and F1 (152.8 ± 78.5 N) (P=.011, P<.001, and P=.008, respectively). CONCLUSION: Fracture resistance of ETT depends on the length of the ferrule, as shown by the significantly increased fracture resistance in the 2 mm ferrule group (F2) compared to the groups with shorter ferrule lengths (F0, F1) and without post (NP).
Bicuspid* ; Crowns ; Tooth