PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the perception of learning outcomes between faculty and students in medical schools. METHODS: A total of 1,766 medical students and 436 faculty members participated in the survey. They responded to the perception of four learning outcomes: medical knowledge and problem solving, clinical skills, medical ethics, and clinical communication. The participants responded to the education and achievement levels of the learning outcomes. RESULTS: In all four learning outcomes, the student's perception of education level differed by educational system, and the students in mixed systems had the highest scores. Students differed significantly in achievement level of medical ethics between genders, wherein male students perceived their achievement level to be higher than females. Students perceived their achievement level to be lower than the education level. The students' clinical skills were the highest in the education and achievement levels. The faculty perceived the education level to be higher than the student's achievement level. In particular, the faculty's perception of education level of medical knowledge and problem solving was the highest, whereas the students' achievement level of it was lower. The faculty assessed the education level to be higher than students. The students showed higher perception of achievement level than faculty. CONCLUSION: There were perceptual differences in learning outcomes between students and faculty. The results of this study are expected to be used to design outcome-based learning methods.
Clinical Competence ; Education* ; Ethics, Medical ; Female ; Humans ; Learning* ; Male ; Problem Solving ; Schools, Medical* ; Students, Medical

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the effects of additional acid etching on the dentin bond strength of one-step self-etch adhesives with different compositions and pH. The effect of ethanol wetting on etched dentin bond strength of self-etch adhesives was also evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-two human permanent molars were classified into 21 groups according to the adhesive types (Clearfil SE Bond [SE, control]; G-aenial Bond [GB]; Xeno V [XV]; Beauti Bond [BB]; Adper Easy Bond [AE]; Single Bond Universal [SU]; All Bond Universal [AU]), and the dentin conditioning methods. Composite resins were placed on the dentin surfaces, and the teeth were sectioned. The microtensile bond strength was measured, and the failure mode of the fractured specimens was examined. The data were analyzed statistically using two-way ANOVA and Duncan's post hoc test. RESULTS: In GB, XV and SE (pH < or = 2), the bond strength was decreased significantly when the dentin was etched (p < 0.05). In BB, AE and SU (pH 2.4 - 2.7), additional etching did not affect the bond strength (p > 0.05). In AU (pH = 3.2), additional etching increased the bond strength significantly (p < 0.05). When adhesives were applied to the acid etched dentin with ethanol-wet bonding, the bond strength was significantly higher than that of the no ethanol-wet bonding groups, and the incidence of cohesive failure was increased. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of additional acid etching on the dentin bond strength was influenced by the pH of one-step self-etch adhesives. Ethanol wetting on etched dentin could create a stronger bonding performance of one-step self-etch adhesives for acid etched dentin.
Adhesives* ; Composite Resins ; Dentin* ; Ethanol ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Incidence ; Molar ; Tooth

Hydrogen peroxide is commonly used for cleansing superficial wounds because of its antimicrobial action attributed to oxidizing capacity. In the past, hydrogen peroxide was used for the management of meconium ileus and fecal impaction because liberated oxygen tend to break up impaction and initiate peristaltic reflux. During 1980s, hydrogen peroxide was also introduced for disinfection of endoscope but this stronger solution has a caustic action. Several authors reported hydrogen peroxide induced colitis. We report a case of hydrogen peroxide induced chemical colitis in a 28-year-old man who complained bloody stools and lower abdominal pain after introducing hydrogen peroxide solution into the rectum to relieve rectal bleeding. His symptoms were improved with conservative treatment.
Abdominal Pain ; Adult ; Colitis ; Disinfection ; Endoscopes ; Fecal Impaction ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hydrogen Peroxide* ; Hydrogen* ; Ileus ; Meconium ; Oxygen ; Proctocolitis* ; Rectum ; Wounds and Injuries

DiGeorge syndrome is an immunodeficient disease associated with abnormal development of 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches. As a hemizygous deletion of chromosome 22q11.2 occurs, various clinical phenotypes are shown with a broad spectrum. Conotruncal cardiac anomalies, hypoplastic thymus, and hypocalcemia are the classic triad of DiGeorge syndrome. As this syndrome is characterized by hypoplastic or aplastic thymus, there are missing thymic shadow on their plain chest x-ray. Immunodeficient patients are traditionally known to be at an increased risk for malignancy, especially lymphoma. We experienced a 7-year-old DiGeorge syndrome patient with mediastinal mass shadow on her plain chest x-ray. She visited Severance Children's Hospital hospital with recurrent pneumonia, and throughout her repeated chest x-ray, there was a mass like shadow on anterior mediastinal area. We did full evaluation including chest computed tomography, chest ultrasonography, and chest magnetic resonance imaging. To rule out malignancy, video assisted thoracoscopic surgery was done. Final diagnosis of the mass which was thought to be malignancy, was lymphoproliferative lesion.
Child ; Diagnosis ; DiGeorge Syndrome* ; Humans ; Hypocalcemia ; Lymphoma ; Lymphoproliferative Disorders ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mediastinal Neoplasms ; Phenotype ; Pneumonia ; Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted ; Thorax ; Thymus Gland ; Ultrasonography

Although arthralgia with or without hyperuricemia commonly occurs in a patient receiving antituberculous treatment including pyrazinamide, acute gouty arthritis is rarely reported. Here we report a case of acute gouty arthritis presented after antituberculous treatment in a patient with asymptomatic hyperuricemia and mild renal insufficiency. A 76-year-old woman complained sudden onset of painful swelling in both first metatarsophalangeal joints 9 weeks after antituberculous treatment. She had hypertensive nephropathy with mild renal insufficiency and asymptomatic hyperuricemia for 8 years. Needle aspiration of the joint fluid demonstrated needle-shaped strongly negative birefringent monosodium urate crystal. The painful swelling improved with steroid and colchicine.
Aged ; Arthralgia ; Arthritis, Gouty* ; Colchicine ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperuricemia ; Joints ; Metatarsophalangeal Joint ; Needles ; Pyrazinamide* ; Renal Insufficiency ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic* ; Tuberculosis ; Uric Acid

OBJECTIVE: Investigation of initial 51 cases of single port access (SPA) laparoscopic surgery for large adnexal tumors and evaluation of safety and feasibility of the surgical technique. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of the first 51 patients who received SPA laparoscopic surgery for large adnexal tumors greater than 10 cm, from July 2010 to February 2015. RESULTS: SPA adnexal surgeries were successfully completed in 51 patients (100%). The mean age, body mass index of the patients were 43.1 years and 22.83 kg/m², respectively. The median operative time, median blood loss were 73.5 (range, 20 to 185) minutes, 54 (range, 5 to 500) mL, and the median tumor diameter was 13.6 (range, 10 to 30) cm. The procedures included bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (n=18, 36.0%), unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (n=14, 27.45%), and paratubal cystectomy (n=1, 1.96%). There were no cases of malignancy and none were insertion of additional ports or conversion to laparotomy. The cases with intraoperative spillage were 3 (5.88%) and benign cystic tumors. No other intraoperative and postoperative complications were observed during hospital days and 6-weeks follow-up period after discharge. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that SPA laparoscopic surgery for large adnexal tumors may be a safe and feasible alternative to conventional laparoscopic surgery.
Body Mass Index ; Cystectomy ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Laparoscopy* ; Laparotomy ; Medical Records ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures ; Operative Time ; Ovary ; Postoperative Complications ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the effects of the resin thickness on the microhardness and optical properties of bulk-fill resin composites. METHODS: Four bulk-fill (Venus Bulk Fill, Heraeus Kulzer; SDR, Dentsply Caulk; Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill, Ivoclar vivadent; SonicFill, Kerr) and two regular resin composites (Charisma flow, Heraeus Kulzer; Tetric N-Ceram, Ivoclar vivadent) were used. Sixty acrylic cylindrical molds were prepared for each thickness (2, 3 and 4 mm). The molds were divided into six groups for resin composites. The microhardness was measured on the top and bottom surfaces, and the colors were measured using Commission Internationale d'Eclairage (CIE) L*a*b* system. Color differences according to the thickness and translucency parameters and the correlations between the microhardness and translucency parameter were analyzed. The microhardness and color differences were analyzed by ANOVA and Scheffe's post hoc test, and a student t-test, respectively. The level of significance was set to alpha = 0.05. RESULTS: The microhardness decreased with increasing resin thickness. The bulk-fill resin composites showed a bottom/top hardness ratio of almost 80% or more in 4 mm thick specimens. The highest translucency parameter was observed in Venus Bulk Fill. All resin composites used in this study except for Venus Bulk Fill showed linear correlations between the microhardness and translucency parameter according to the thickness. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this study, the bulk-fill resin composites used in this study can be placed and cured properly in the 4 mm bulk.
Fungi ; Hardness ; Humans ; Venus

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the effects of the resin thickness on the microhardness and optical properties of bulk-fill resin composites. METHODS: Four bulk-fill (Venus Bulk Fill, Heraeus Kulzer; SDR, Dentsply Caulk; Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill, Ivoclar vivadent; SonicFill, Kerr) and two regular resin composites (Charisma flow, Heraeus Kulzer; Tetric N-Ceram, Ivoclar vivadent) were used. Sixty acrylic cylindrical molds were prepared for each thickness (2, 3 and 4 mm). The molds were divided into six groups for resin composites. The microhardness was measured on the top and bottom surfaces, and the colors were measured using Commission Internationale d'Eclairage (CIE) L*a*b* system. Color differences according to the thickness and translucency parameters and the correlations between the microhardness and translucency parameter were analyzed. The microhardness and color differences were analyzed by ANOVA and Scheffe's post hoc test, and a student t-test, respectively. The level of significance was set to alpha = 0.05. RESULTS: The microhardness decreased with increasing resin thickness. The bulk-fill resin composites showed a bottom/top hardness ratio of almost 80% or more in 4 mm thick specimens. The highest translucency parameter was observed in Venus Bulk Fill. All resin composites used in this study except for Venus Bulk Fill showed linear correlations between the microhardness and translucency parameter according to the thickness. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this study, the bulk-fill resin composites used in this study can be placed and cured properly in the 4 mm bulk.
Fungi ; Hardness ; Humans ; Venus

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of the spectral output of single and dual-peak light emitting diode (LED) curing lights on the microhardness and color stability of commercial resin composites formulated with camphorquinone and alternative photoinitiators in combination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three light-polymerized resin composites (Z100 (3M ESPE), Tetric Ceram (Ivoclar Vivadent) and Aelite LS Posterior (Bisco)) with different photoinitiator systems were used. The resin composites were packed into a Teflon mold (8 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness) on a cover glass. After packing the composites, they were light cured with single-peak and dual-peak LEDs. The Knoop microhardness (KHN) and color difference (DeltaE) for 30 days were measured. The data was analyzed statistically using a student's t-test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: All resin composites showed improved microhardness when a third-generation dual-peak LED light was used. The color stability was also higher for all resin composites with dual-peak LEDs. However, there was a significant difference only for Aelite LS Posterior. CONCLUSIONS: The dual-peak LEDs have a beneficial effect on the microhardness and color stability of resin composites formulated with a combination of camphorquinone and alternative photoinitiators.
Camphor ; Composite Resins ; Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique ; Fungi ; Glass ; Light ; Polytetrafluoroethylene

PURPOSE: Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid and transdermal therapeutic system (TTS), designed to release the drug into the skin at a constant rate, ranging from 25 to 100 microgram/hr, for up to 3 days. For the control of chronic cancer pain, Durogesic(R) patches (Janssen Co., USA) are now widely used. Recently, the Hana Company in Korea developed a new fentanyl patch, Fentas(R) using a different method. To compare the efficacy, and safety, of the fentanyl patch manufactured in Korea (Hana Pharm. Co. Ltd), with the Durogesic(R) patch, in controlling cancer pain, we performed randomized controlled, open labelled, phase III studies. MATERIALS AND METGODS: From January 2000 to April 2001, 85 patients were enrolled, 69 of whom (42 in D arm and 43 in F arm) completed the study, and were therefore assessable for per protocol (PP) analyses. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the two groups in baseline characteristics, with the exception of age. The primary end point was to show the therapeutic equivalence of the two patches. In these clinical trials, the confidence interval of difference, between the test drug (Fentas(R)) and the control (Durogesic(R)), was 0.027~ +0.124 by intention to treat (ITT) analysis. Even if the upper confidence interval exceeds + 0.1, the test drug is not superior to the control drug, because the confidence interval includes 0. However, by PP analysis, the confidence interval lies exactly within +/- 0.1. Therefore, we could conclude the two patches are therapeutically equivalent. The second endpoint was the difference of visual analog scale (VAS) between the baseline and the average of three measurements after treatment. The difference in VAS was 50.44+/-10.28 for the F arm, and 44.69+/-11.00 for the D arm. By PP analysis the test drug was superior to the control (p=0.028). The rescue morphine amount was 81.21+/-124.76 for F arm and 66.19+/-115.9 for D arm, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (p=0.6063). The most common adverse effects of both fentanyl patches were nausea or vomiting (55.3%), somnolence (50.0%), constipation (39.5%), gastrointestinal discomfort (57.9%) and headaches (25.0%). In general there was no significant difference in side effects or laboratory data between the two groups. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that Fentas(R) patches, administered every 3 days, are effective, safe, and well tolerated for the treatment of most patients with cancer pain and is as effective or better than Durogesic(R).
Arm ; Constipation ; Fentanyl ; Headache ; Humans ; Intention ; Korea ; Morphine ; Nausea ; Skin ; Visual Analog Scale ; Vomiting