OBJECTIVE: Neonatal blood pressure is one of the vital signs used to assess the general health of a newborn infant. But, it is difficult to measure and varies according to the model of sphygmomanometer, the used method, the postconceptional age, birth weight, asphyxia, postnatal age and activity. We have assessed the rnean value of blood pressure(BP) according to postconceptional age. Variations caused by the postconceptional age, birth weight, body surface area(BSA), postnatal age, and sex were analyzed to determine the rnost important factor influencing the neonatal BP. METHODS: This study included 448 normal fullterm infants and healthy preterm infants born from Jan. 1995 to Aug. 1997 at Ewha Dongdaemoon and Mokdong Hospital. The BP was taken on day 1, 3, 5 with the oscillometric device(Dinamap 1846 critikon Inc.), for premature infants BP was followed up every week afterward. RESULTS: The neonatal BP was related to the postconceptional age(R=0.204, P<0.05), BSA(R =0.191, P<0.05), birth weight(R=0.183, P<0.05) and the postnatal age in fullterm infants(R=0.022, P<0.05) but not with the sex of the infant. The postconceptional age was the most significant variable among those influencing the BP. The normal value of the systolic and the diastolic BP was expressed as mean+/-2SD according to the postconceptional age, less than 28 weeks(n=27) systolic/diastolic pressure 50.4+/-23.1mmHg/26.2+/-12.8mmHg, 28-32weeks(n= 63) 60.1+/- 30.6mmHg/33.6+/-16.7mmHg, 32-36weeks(n = 139) 63.2+/- 20.4mmHg/37.7+/- 19.8 mmHg, 36- 40weeks(n=543) 65.6+/-18.5mmHg/38.6+/-17.3mmHg, more than 40weeks(n= 136) 67.7+/-16,9mmHg/39.3+/- 15.8mmHg. The increase in blood prssure with the postconceptional age was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The normal range of neonatal BP, especially preterm infants, was presented, and it would be much valuable for the evaluation of BP in neonate if standardized by postconceptional age.
Asphyxia ; Birth Weight ; Blood Pressure* ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Parturition ; Reference Values* ; Sphygmomanometers ; Vital Signs

No abstract available.

Two hundred sixty six children were retrospectively surveyed from first to fifth grade to find out the status of obesity during four years. The obesity index was gained by height and weight data from student's health file and the data about eating behaviors and weight control behaviors, etc. were collected by questionnaires. Children assigned to one of the following groups : underweight, normal, overweight and obese. The results were as follows ; 1. Obese children were 18.6%(n=27) of boys and 10.8%(n=13) of girls at fifth grade. 2. Twenty eight children among forty obese children at fifth grade were also overweight or obese at first grade, and the other twelve was normal. 3. Breakfast skipping rate was significantly high among underweight and obese group of boys(p<0.01).The most children(8736%) had prejudice for special foods. 4. The rate of agreement between obesity index and self recognition of body image was 60.7% in boys and 63.6% in girls. 5. Forty two point five percent of children have ever tried weight control as exercise(35.7%), reducing sugars and snacks(27%), feasting(23.8S%), avoiding fatty foods(12.7%), taking diet food or drug(0.8%). In conclusion, the prevalence of children obesity is gradually increasing and children tried weight control without right guidances. In order to prevent progress into adulthood obesity, nutrition education should be followed with school foodservice including the right perception for obesity, proper weight control and eating behavior modification.
Body Image ; Breakfast ; Carbohydrates ; Child* ; Diet ; Eating* ; Education ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Incheon* ; Obesity* ; Overweight ; Prejudice ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Retrospective Studies* ; Thinness

The p53 gene, one of the tumor suppressor genes, is believed to play an important role through mutation and overexpression in the progression of various human malignant tumors. To compare the p53 mutation status between the primary and metastatic lesions of breast cancers and to investigate the mutational pattern of p53, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction and single strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) were performed in 25 cases of breast cancers with paraffin embedded tissue. Mutant protein products or point mutation were detected through IHC or PCR-SSCP method. And flow cytometrical (FCM) analysis were performed in the same paraffin blocks to correlate the DNA ploidy and p53 mutation. The following results are summarized. 1. The detection of the p53 gene mutation and overexpression of the p53 protein were measured in 40% and 48%, respectively, in 25 primary tumors, either or both methods was detected in 64%. 2. A concordance rate of the p53 protein expression between the primary and metastatic lesions of 25 breast cancers was 100%, but the concordance rate of the p53 gene mutation was 72%. 3. The correlation between the p53 mutation and the DNA aneuploidy was not statistically significant (p=0.38) 4. A p53 mutation by IHC or PCR-SSCP was more frequently detected in grade III breast cancers than in grade I or II. 5. Among 5 to 9 exons of the p53 gene, exon 7 was the most frequent mutation spot in this study. 6. Additional mutation of the p53 gene was developed in the three metastatic lesions. With the above results it is suggested that the p53 protein overexpression by immunohistochemistry is not correlated with the p53 mutation by PCR-SSCP. The p53 mutation pattern between the primary and metastatic lesions are not idenitical and an additional point mutation can occur in the metastatic lesion. The DNA aneuploidy is more frequently detected in the cases with the p53 protein overexpression than in the p53 protein negative, but it is not statistically significant.
Aneuploidy ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; DNA* ; Exons ; Genes, p53 ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Humans* ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mutant Proteins ; Paraffin ; Ploidies* ; Point Mutation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction

The p53 gene, one of the tumor suppressor genes, is believed to play an important role through mutation and overexpression in the progression of various human malignant tumors. To compare the p53 mutation status between the primary and metastatic lesions of breast cancers and to investigate the mutational pattern of p53, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction and single strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) were performed in 25 cases of breast cancers with paraffin embedded tissue. Mutant protein products or point mutation were detected through IHC or PCR-SSCP method. And flow cytometrical (FCM) analysis were performed in the same paraffin blocks to correlate the DNA ploidy and p53 mutation. The following results are summarized. 1. The detection of the p53 gene mutation and overexpression of the p53 protein were measured in 40% and 48%, respectively, in 25 primary tumors, either or both methods was detected in 64%. 2. A concordance rate of the p53 protein expression between the primary and metastatic lesions of 25 breast cancers was 100%, but the concordance rate of the p53 gene mutation was 72%. 3. The correlation between the p53 mutation and the DNA aneuploidy was not statistically significant (p=0.38) 4. A p53 mutation by IHC or PCR-SSCP was more frequently detected in grade III breast cancers than in grade I or II. 5. Among 5 to 9 exons of the p53 gene, exon 7 was the most frequent mutation spot in this study. 6. Additional mutation of the p53 gene was developed in the three metastatic lesions. With the above results it is suggested that the p53 protein overexpression by immunohistochemistry is not correlated with the p53 mutation by PCR-SSCP. The p53 mutation pattern between the primary and metastatic lesions are not idenitical and an additional point mutation can occur in the metastatic lesion. The DNA aneuploidy is more frequently detected in the cases with the p53 protein overexpression than in the p53 protein negative, but it is not statistically significant.
Aneuploidy ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; DNA* ; Exons ; Genes, p53 ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Humans* ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mutant Proteins ; Paraffin ; Ploidies* ; Point Mutation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction

PURPOSE: This study aims to explore general perception types about the life of institutionalized elderly and thus to provide the basic data for nursing intervention for them. METHOD: This study used a Q methodology. A Q sample was developed through a review of related literature and descriptions of ordinary people about the life of institutionalized elderly. Thirty-eight statements made up the finalized Q sample. RESULTS: The results revealed three different types of the general people's perception about the life of institutionalized elderly. Type 1 is an optimistic group which expects modernized institutions. This group focuses on social relationships enjoying a variety of cultural life. Type 2 is a positive group which pursues independence. They are open-minded about the use of the institution and are not ashamed of the life in the institution. Type 3 is a conservative group which disapproves institutionalization. The members of this group strongly disapprove the institution itself and have negative views on institutionalization. These three types share certain common features while having distinctive characteristics showing individual views and traits about the life of the institutionalized elderly. CONCLUSION: This study will provide us the basic data to understand institutionalized elderly and to develop nursing intervention for them.
Aged* ; Humans ; Institutionalization ; Nursing

No abstract available.
Nasal Polyps*

No abstract available.
Female ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Ectopic* ; Salpingectomy*

The proliferating trichilemmal cyst is a rare, usually benign tumor of external root sheath origin. About 90% of the cases gccur on the scalp, with the residual 10% occurring mainly on the back. More than 80% of the patients are women, most of whom are elderly. The cysts are commonly large, measuring up to 6 cm or more in diameter. A 33-year-old woman visited our department with a history of a matchhead- sized erythematous tender papule on her left knee that had been present for two years. A histopathological examination revealed a well-circumscribed, multilobulated cystic tumor with trichilemmal keratinization in the dermis. There were individual cell keratinization and focal calcification in some areas. This case was diagnosed as a proliferating trichilemmal cyst. This case was very unusual not only because the tumor occurred on the knee as a matchhead-sized papule but also because of her young age at presentation.
Adult ; Aged ; Dermis ; Female ; Humans ; Knee ; Scalp

Heterotopic pregnancy is the coexistency of intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancy. The incidence of heterotopic pregnancy is about 1 to 30,000 pregnancy in a natural cycle. However, the frequency of heterotopic pregnancy has steadily increased because of rising incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease, pelvic surgery and the development of ovulation induction and assisted reproduction. Because heterotopic pregnancy is difficult to diagnose and it has high morbidity and mortality rate, one should always take this into consideration and should conduct careful and thorough gynecologic evaluation. We have experienced a case of heterotopic pregnancy in a 29-year old woman who presented with acute abdominal pain in a natural cycle and report this case with a brief review of literature.
Abdominal Pain ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Mortality ; Ovulation Induction ; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Heterotopic* ; Reproduction