Authors' presented an interesting case, 19 years old boy, who was been suffered from retinal periphlebitis of both eyes which thought to be induced by Barre Syndrome. This patient also has pulmonary tuberculosis and visual symptoms of Barre Syndrome in this case were ocular pain and visual disturbance that appeared and disappeared suddenly due probably to irritation of the ventral nerve roots (C5 to T1) with also irritation of sympathetic fibers contained in them.
Adrenergic Fibers ; Humans ; Male ; Phlebitis* ; Retinaldehyde* ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary ; Young Adult

Effects of several autonomic drugs on the responses of the isolated rabbit detrusor muscle strips to electrical stimulation were investigated. Electric stimulation of the detrusor muscle strips elicited two different responses; (a) contraction followed by relaxation in 14 cases out of 22 experiments, and (b) contraction only in 8 cases. The contraction responses to electrical stimulation were significantly reduced in the presence of either atropine or regitine, respectively The relaxation response to electrical stimulation was abolished in the presence of propranolol. Addition of norepinephrine evoked one of following three responses: (a) relaxation in 10 cases out of 19 experiments, (b) contraction in 6 cases, and (c) contraction followed by relaxation in 4 cases. The relaxation response to norepinephrine was reversed. in the presence of propranolol, to a contraction response which was then abolished after administration of regitine. The contraction response to norepinephrine was reversed, in the presence of regitine, to a relaxation response which was then abolished after administration of propranolol. Acetylcholine elicited contraction of the isolated detrusor muscle strip, and this was abolished in the presence of atropine These results suggest that the rabbit detrusor muscle is innervated by both cholinergic and adrenergic fibers and that the detrusor muscle contains cholinergic receptors as well as adrenergic a-and b-ones. Contrary to the popular opinion that the detrusor muscle predominantly contains adrenergic b-receptors, it seems likely that the adrenergic receptors differ in predominancy of either a or b which elicits contraction or relaxation, respectively, according to different areas of the muscle.
Acetylcholine ; Adrenergic Fibers ; Atropine ; Autonomic Agents* ; Electric Stimulation* ; Norepinephrine ; Phentolamine ; Propranolol ; Receptors, Adrenergic ; Receptors, Cholinergic ; Relaxation

Morphine has been known to produce antidiuresis when given directly into a lateral ventricle of the rabbit brain, mainly through hemodynamic changes brought about by nerve stimulation to the kidney. This study was attempted to find out whether adrenergic fibers are involved in the action. Phentolamine, a potent alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, induced antidiuresis when given intravenously in a dose of 2 mg/kg. Morphine administered intracerebroventricularly 40 to 60 min. after phentolamine, when its effect is at the maximum, produced antidiuresis and typical changes in renal function, uninfluenced by the phentolamine pretreatment. This observation indicates that adrenergic fibers do not participate in the renal action of intracerebroventricular morphine and it is suggested that nerve fibers of other types might be involved in the action.
Adrenergic Fibers ; Brain ; Hemodynamics ; Kidney ; Lateral Ventricles ; Morphine* ; Nerve Fibers ; Phentolamine*

Avellis syndrome is a clinical disorder characterized by ipsilateral paralysis of palate, larynx, and vocal cord paralysis and contralateral hemianesthesia. The syndrome is usually due to lesion of medulla oblongata. Involeved structures are nucleus ambiguus, lateral spinothalamic tract, and descending sympathetic fibers. We present 2 cases of Avellis syndrome with MRI findings, which showed infarction of right-sided upper medulla oblongata.
Adrenergic Fibers ; Infarction ; Larynx ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Medulla Oblongata ; Palate ; Paralysis ; Spinothalamic Tracts ; Vocal Cord Paralysis

During the microsurgery or during the postoperative period, the occurrence of the vascular spasm increases the failure rate of microvascular anastomosis,and in cases of trauma, the thrombogenic possibility is increased by the endothelial damage. The author thought that the vascular freezing of crushed vessels could improve the patency rate of microvascular anastomosis. Vascular freezing destroys most of the cells in the intima and media. There by causing degeneration of adrenergic fibers. Even though regeneration occurs after 2-3 weeks, regeneration in the smooth muscle layer is still incomplete. So vascular freezing has beneficial effects on relief of vasospasm. Fifteen Sprague-Dawley rats weighing approximately 300 g each were inflicted with crushing injury on the femoral arteries of the right side and the crushing injury with vascular freezing on the femoral arteries of the left side. The gross and histologic findings, as well as the patency rates, were observed at the postoperative 2nd, 10th, and 30th day,and the results were compared between the crushed and crush-freezing groups. The left side (crush-freezing group) showed less vasospasm and less thrombogenesis than the right side (crushed group). There were no significant differences in the patency rate between the crushed group and crush-freezing group. Vascular freezing is suggested to be effective on a potentially thrombogenic, endothelial damaged vessel as a prophylactic treatment method against vasospasm. Clinical application of vascular freezing awaits further experimentation.
Adrenergic Fibers ; Endothelium* ; Femoral Artery ; Freezing* ; Microsurgery ; Muscle, Smooth ; Postoperative Period ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Regeneration ; Spasm

The authors report two cases of paratrigeminal syndrome. They were male and involved in the left side, and had no known hypertension. The syndrome was produced and encountered in patients who had undergone a percutaneous carotid angiography and surgery with ligation of common carotid artery for the treatment of carotidcavernous sinus fistula. The clinical manifestations were unilateral, intense, throbbing supraorbital and periorbital pain recurring regularly, accompanied by drooping of the eye lid and miosis with normal sweating on the same side as the pain. The cases were treated conservatively with diphenylhydantion and antimigraine preparations with apparent success. It is probable that the underlying pathology of the syndrome in these cases may be compression of the internal carotid sympathetic fibers due to swelling of the interal carotid arterial wall. The clinical features and courses were compatible with those of group 2 of Raeder's syndrome.
Adrenergic Fibers ; Angiography ; Carotid Artery, Common ; Fistula ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Ligation ; Male ; Miosis ; Pathology ; Sweat ; Sweating

sympathetic fibers. Therapy of Frey syndrome includes drugs, radiographic treatment, and surgical treatment; however, in most cases, treatment is not satisfactory. This is a case report on a 24-year-old male patient with Frey syndrome caused by the fracture reduction with retromandibular approach after multiple facial traumas and spontaneous healing without any special treatment.]]>
Adrenergic Fibers ; Humans ; Male ; Mandibular Condyle ; Regeneration ; Sweat ; Sweat Glands ; Sweating ; Sweating, Gustatory ; Young Adult

Although the pelvic autonomic plexus may be considered a mixture of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, little information on its composite fibers is available. Using 10 donated elderly cadavers, we investigated in detail the topohistology of nerve fibers in the posterior part of the periprostatic region in males and the infero-anterior part of the paracolpium in females. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were used as parasympathetic nerve markers, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was used as a marker of sympathetic nerves. In the region examined, nNOS-positive nerves (containing nNOS-positive fibers) were consistently predominant numerically. All fibers positive for these markers appeared to be thin, unmyelinated fibers. Accordingly, the pelvic plexus branches were classified into 5 types: triple-positive mixed nerves (nNOS+, VIP+, TH+, thick myelinated fibers + or -); double-positive mixed nerves (nNOS+, VIP-, TH+, thick myelinated fibers + or -); nerves in arterial walls (nNOS-, VIP+, TH+, thick myelinated fibers-); non-parasympathetic nerves (nNOS-, VIP-, TH+, thick myelinated fibers + or -); (although rare) pure sensory nerve candidates (nNOS-, VIP-, TH-, thick myelinated fibers+). Triple-positive nerves were 5-6 times more numerous in the paracolpium than in the periprostatic region. Usually, the parasympathetic nerve fibers did not occupy a specific site in a nerve, and were intermingled with sympathetic fibers. This morphology might be the result of an "incidentally" adopted nerve fiber route, rather than a target-specific pathway.
Adrenergic Fibers ; Aged* ; Cadaver* ; Female ; Humans ; Hypogastric Plexus* ; Male ; Myelin Sheath ; Nerve Fibers* ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I ; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase ; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

We investigated the adrenergic sensitivity of afferent fibers in the L4 dorsal roots of rats with a unilateral ligation of the L5-L6 spinal nerves. About 12% of nociceptive fibers on the affected side were excited by sympathetic stimulation or by intra-arterial injection of norepinephrine which did not affect A beta-fiber activity. Sympathetic excitation of nociceptive fibers was suppressed by alpha 1-antagonist prazosin, while it was unaffected by alpha 2-antagonist yohimbine. Most of these fibers were excited by intra-arterial injection of alpha 1-agonist phenylephrine, without being affected by an injection of alpha 2-agonist clonidine. Sympathetic excitation was blocked by lidocaine applied near the receptive fields of recorded fibers. The results suggested that some nociceptors remaining intact after partial nerve injury become sensitive to sympathetic activity by the mediation of alpha 1-adrenoceptors in the peripheral endings.
Animal ; Male ; Nerve Fibers/physiology* ; Nociceptors/physiology* ; Norepinephrine/pharmacology ; Pain/physiopathology* ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/physiology*

Thoracic sympathicotomy has been used safely and successfully to treat essential hyperhidrosis. However, it has been difficult to treat compansatory hyperhidrosis after thoracic sympathicotomy and focal hyperhidrosis. The sweat glands were innervated by post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers with acetylcholic serving as the transmitter. Botulinum A toxin has been reported to block neuro-transmission at the cholinergic autonomic nerve terminals. Prospecting its effect for the sweat gland, we treated 5 patients with focal hyperhidrosis with botulinum A toxin. Three patients received bilateral thoracic sympathectomy (1 case) and sympathicotomy(2 case) via VAT. The hyperhidrosis area was marked with betadine and was subdivided into squares of 2x2 cm(4cm(2)) each. Botulinum A toxin was injected intracutaneously in a dosage of 2.5U/0.1ml(100U/4ml) /4cm(2). A total dose of 100U of Botulinum A toxin was injected into the affected sites. Subjective assessment of sweat production by the patients using a visual analogue scale showed a 20~70% improvement. During the follow-up period, no toxic effects were observed.
Adrenergic Fibers ; Autonomic Pathways ; Botulinum Toxins, Type A* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hyperhidrosis* ; Povidone-Iodine ; Sweat ; Sweat Glands ; Sympathectomy