Effects of several autonomic drugs on the responses of the isolated rabbit detrusor muscle strips to electrical stimulation were investigated. Electric stimulation of the detrusor muscle strips elicited two different responses; (a) contraction followed by relaxation in 14 cases out of 22 experiments, and (b) contraction only in 8 cases. The contraction responses to electrical stimulation were significantly reduced in the presence of either atropine or regitine, respectively The relaxation response to electrical stimulation was abolished in the presence of propranolol. Addition of norepinephrine evoked one of following three responses: (a) relaxation in 10 cases out of 19 experiments, (b) contraction in 6 cases, and (c) contraction followed by relaxation in 4 cases. The relaxation response to norepinephrine was reversed. in the presence of propranolol, to a contraction response which was then abolished after administration of regitine. The contraction response to norepinephrine was reversed, in the presence of regitine, to a relaxation response which was then abolished after administration of propranolol. Acetylcholine elicited contraction of the isolated detrusor muscle strip, and this was abolished in the presence of atropine These results suggest that the rabbit detrusor muscle is innervated by both cholinergic and adrenergic fibers and that the detrusor muscle contains cholinergic receptors as well as adrenergic a-and b-ones. Contrary to the popular opinion that the detrusor muscle predominantly contains adrenergic b-receptors, it seems likely that the adrenergic receptors differ in predominancy of either a or b which elicits contraction or relaxation, respectively, according to different areas of the muscle.
Acetylcholine ; Adrenergic Fibers ; Atropine ; Autonomic Agents* ; Electric Stimulation* ; Norepinephrine ; Phentolamine ; Propranolol ; Receptors, Adrenergic ; Receptors, Cholinergic ; Relaxation

The author investigated the effect of adrenergic and adrenergic blocking agents on the phosphorylase activity of bovine extraocular muscle in vitro and obtained the following results: 1. The phosphorylase a activity of bovine extraocular muscle was revealed 53.6% in vitro. 2. The phosphorylase a activity of bovine extraocular muscle was slightly enhanced by the adrenergic agents such as epinephrine, norepinephrine and isoproterenol. 3. The phosphorylase a activity of bovine extraocular muscle was not affected by the adrenergic areceptor blocking agent, phenoxybenzamine but slightly inhibited by the adrenergic beta-receptor blocking agent, propranolol. 4. The phosphorylase a activity of bovine extraocular muscle previously treated with the adrenergic agents was blocked by a sole administration of propranolol or combined administrations of propranolol and phenoxybenzamine but not blocked by phenoxybenzamine alene.
Adrenergic Agents ; Adrenergic Antagonists* ; Epinephrine ; Isoproterenol ; Muscles* ; Norepinephrine ; Phenoxybenzamine ; Phosphorylase a ; Propranolol

Recent reports suggest that the responses of the detrusor muscle to the hypogastric nerve stimulation and some autonomic drugs may not be identical among various species. In this study, the responses of the isolated detrusor muscle strips of the Amyda Japonica and the rabbit to catecholamines were compared, and the type of the adrenergic-receptors was investigated. The results obtained were as follows : 1. Catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine) evoked only contraction in the isolated detrusor muscle of the Amyda Japonica and relaxation in the preparation of the rabbit. 2. The contraction-response in the Amyda Japonica was blocked in the presence of regitine, an adrenergic alpha-receptor blocking agent. 3. The relaxation-response in the rabbit was abolished by pre-treatment with propranolol, an adrenergic beta-receptor blocking agent. 4. Acetylcholine elicited contraction in both of the isolated detrusor muscle strips of the Amyda japonica and the rabbit, and the response was completely blocked in the presence of atropine. 5. The results described above suggest that catecholamines exert excitatory effect on the detrusor muscle of the Amyda japonica as it contains adrenergic alpha-receptors and inhibitory effect on the same preparation of the rabbit as it contains the adrenergic beta-receptors. Key Word : amyda japonica,alpha receptor, beta receptor.
Acetylcholine ; Atropine ; Autonomic Agents* ; Catecholamines ; Phentolamine ; Propranolol ; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta ; Relaxation

PURPOSE: Peripheral adrenergic nervous system controls the penile erection and alpha adrenoceptors greatly outnumber beta adrenoceptors. It is known that adrenaline has a facilitatory effect but serotonin has an inhibitory effect on sexual drive centrally. But few about the effect of central alpha adrenergic drug to the release of serotonin centrally are known. Major adrenergic and serotoninergic innervation is found at the hippocampus. This study was performed to investigate the effect of alpha adrenergic drugs on serotonergic nervous system in rat hippocampal slices. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The hippocampus from the male rat brain was sliced. After 30 minutes` preincubation in the normal buffer, the slices were incubated for 20 minutes in a buffer containing 0.1 microM [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT) for uptake, and washed. After administration of phenylephrine or clonidine, the release of [3H]5-HT into the buffer was measured and the radioactivities in each buffer and the tissue were counted and the results were expressed as a percentage of the total activity. The value of released [3H]5-HT was expressed as percent of the value at 50 minutes when a steady state of [3H]5-HT release was obtained. RESULTS: After administration of phenylephrine(10-5 M), clonidine(10-5 M), the values(mean+/-SE) were 133.4+/-7.3, 103.0+/-0.3 at 60 minutes and 128.8+/-4.6, 100.4+/-4.1(%) at 70 minutes compared to the values of control group, 96.6+/-1.9 % at 60 minutes and 89.6+/-2.3% at 70 minutes. The release of serotonin was increased significantly after administration of phenylephrine. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that alpha-1 adrenergic drugs may increase the release of serotonin and therefore the integration of these two neurotransmitters may be considered.
Adrenergic Agents ; Animals ; Brain ; Clonidine ; Epinephrine ; Hippocampus ; Humans ; Male ; Nervous System ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Penile Erection ; Phenylephrine ; Radioactivity ; Rats* ; Receptors, Adrenergic ; Serotonin*

The objective of this review is to propose the Korean practice guideline for pharmacological treatment of attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD). For making the guideline, the authors used the evidence-base approaches derived from a detailed review of literature including wide range of controlled clinical trials, studies of side effects of drugs, toxicological reports, and meta-analyses published in United States and Europe, as well as inside Korea. The review committee composed of experts in ADHD in Korea has reviewed the parameter. The practice parameter for pharmacological treatment describes the use of stimulants, atomoxetine, modafinil, bupropion, tricyclic antidepressants, and alpha-adrenergic agonists and their side effects. The recommendations of pharmacological treatment are proposed at the end of the article.
Adrenergic alpha-Agonists ; Advisory Committees ; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic ; Bupropion ; Europe ; Korea ; United States ; Atomoxetine Hydrochloride

The present in vitro experiments were performed to investigate the contractile activity and action sites of various vasoactive agents on isolated porcine internal carotid artery as a preliminary study on cerebral arterial spasm. The cumulative dose-response curves were obtained for most vasoactive agents such as serotonin and adrenergic drugs including agonists and these effects were investigated under antagonists in isolated arterial rings. The results of this study suggest that serotonin is the most potent agent for the cerebral arterial spasm, and there are alpha-adrenoceptor and serotonin receptor mediating vasoconstriction and beta-adrenoceptors mediating vasodilation in porcine internal carotid artery. The cross reactivity between alpha-adrenoceptor and serotonin receptor suggests that the two types of receptors have common features which will be further investigated.
Adrenergic Agents ; Carotid Artery, Internal ; Cerebral Arteries* ; Epinephrine ; Negotiating ; Norepinephrine ; Serotonin ; Spasm ; Vasoconstriction ; Vasodilation

BACKGROUND: It is now well known that oxygen free radicals act as mediators of cellular injury in many cardiovascular diseases. Although some evidences have been presented for an altered number of adrenergic receptors in heart disease, a detailed examination of the interaction of free radicals with cardiac adrenergic receptors has little been carried out. METHODS: This study is therefore undertaken to examine the influences of adrenergic blocking agents(propranolol, prazosin) and cyclooxygenase inhibitor(aspirin) on the cardiac damage by oxygen free radicals. Ischemic condition of the isolated rat heart was made by Langendorff preparation, and then measured superoxide dismutase(SOD), lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) released in the perfusate, and malondialdhyde(MDA) concentration in the cardiac tissue. RESULTS: We obtained the results that increased SOD activity and tendency of decreased LDH activity by the pretreatment of propranolol, prazosin, and aspirin in cardiac ischemic-reperfusion injury. Those effects were more predominant in adriamycin treated group comparing with not treated group. CONCLUSION: Adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol, prazosin, and aspirin seem to have some protective effect on the reperfusion injury of the heart.
Adrenergic Agents* ; Animals ; Aspirin ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Doxorubicin ; Free Radicals* ; Heart ; Heart Diseases ; Lactic Acid ; Oxygen* ; Prazosin ; Propranolol ; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases ; Rats ; Receptors, Adrenergic ; Reperfusion Injury ; Superoxides

The relaxation of the corpus cavernosum smooth muscle, which is main process in penile erection, is controlled by nerves that release cholinergic and nonadrenergic-noncholinergic neurotransmitters as well as vascular endothelium derived relaxing factor(EDRF). But the adrenergically-induced tone maintains the penis in flaccid state. In order to define the physiological role of adrenergic neurotransmission in the local control of penile erection we studied the distribution of alpha adrenergic receptor subtypes and their pharmacological potency in human and rabbit corpus cavernosum tissue. In this study we used yohimbine as the alpha-2 antagonist, which is known to have beneficial therapeutic effect for organic impotence, to assess its neuropharmacological mechanism in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. The alpha-1 : alpha-2 receptor potency was approximately 7.4:1 and 2.2:1 in human and rabbit tissue respectively. These results indicate that the predominant alpha adrenergic receptor is alpha-1 type and alpha-2 receptor antagonist, yohimbine, can not play a main role on the local control of penile erection because of its low receptor potency especially in human corpus cavernosum tissue. It remains possible that yohimbine partially antagonizes the postsynaptic alpha-1 mediated effect or activation of central sympathetic pathway is necessary for the therapeutic effect of yohimbine in human.
Endothelium, Vascular ; Erectile Dysfunction ; Humans* ; Male ; Muscle, Smooth ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Penile Erection ; Penis ; Receptors, Adrenergic ; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha* ; Relaxation ; Synaptic Transmission ; Yohimbine

A strip of the detrusor muscle of amyda japonica was provided in a bath which contained frog-Ringer's solution and the responses to electrical stimulation were observed by means of an isotonic myograph. The effects of several autonomic drugs on the responses to electrical stimulation of the strip were examined. The following results were obtained. 1. Electrical stimulation of the isolated detrusor muscle strip elicited contraction response and the response showed two peaks at 20 and 80 Hz between 1-200 Hz stimulation frequencies. 2. The responses to electrical stimulation of the detrusor muscle strip was completely abolished in the presence of tetrodotoxin and resumed after washing the bath fluids. 3. The responses to electrical stimulation of the detrusor muscle strip were significantly reduced in the presence of atropine, guanethidine, or regitine. 4. Clonidine did not affect the contraction response to electrical stimulation of the detrusor muscle strip. These results suggest that the detrusor muscle of Amyda japonica is innervated by both cholinergic and adrenergic nerves and it contains adrenergic alpha-receptors and that presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors known to modify inhibit the release of neurotransmitters from the nerve endings are not involved.
Atropine ; Autonomic Agents* ; Baths ; Clonidine ; Electric Stimulation* ; Guanethidine ; Nerve Endings ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Phentolamine ; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha ; Tetrodotoxin

A strip of the detrusor muscle of amyda japonica was provided in a bath which contained frog-Ringer's solution and the responses to electrical stimulation were observed by means of an isotonic myograph. The effects of several autonomic drugs on the responses to electrical stimulation of the strip were examined. The following results were obtained. 1. Electrical stimulation of the isolated detrusor muscle strip elicited contraction response and the response showed two peaks at 20 and 80 Hz between 1-200 Hz stimulation frequencies. 2. The responses to electrical stimulation of the detrusor muscle strip was completely abolished in the presence of tetrodotoxin and resumed after washing the bath fluids. 3. The responses to electrical stimulation of the detrusor muscle strip were significantly reduced in the presence of atropine, guanethidine, or regitine. 4. Clonidine did not affect the contraction response to electrical stimulation of the detrusor muscle strip. These results suggest that the detrusor muscle of Amyda japonica is innervated by both cholinergic and adrenergic nerves and it contains adrenergic alpha-receptors and that presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors known to modify inhibit the release of neurotransmitters from the nerve endings are not involved.
Atropine ; Autonomic Agents* ; Baths ; Clonidine ; Electric Stimulation* ; Guanethidine ; Nerve Endings ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Phentolamine ; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha ; Tetrodotoxin