The original version of this article contained misspelled name of authors. The name of Seung-Yeol Na is replaced with Seung-Yeol Nah. The name of Mi-Sung Choi is replaced with Mee-Sung Choi.
Adrenal Medulla*

The adrenal ganglioneuroma was rare benign tumor that arise from mature sympathetic ganglion cells, located within the substance of the adrenal medulla or along the sympathetic chain. It may secrete catecholamines, represent endocrine symptoms. Nonfunctional growths remain silent until they reach large size. They are usually discovered incidentally. Herein we report a case of left adrenal ganglioneuroma that was incidentally discovered.
Adrenal Medulla ; Catecholamines ; Ganglia, Sympathetic ; Ganglioneuroma*

Pheochromocytoma is relatively uncommon disease that is mostly originated from adrenal medulla. Most of pheochromocytoma are benign, and malignant pheochromocytoma are very rate. A case of malignant pheochromocytoma from the right adrenal gland in a 28 year old woman was successfully treated with surgical intervention. This is a rare malignant pheochromocytoma case report with review of literatures.
Adrenal Glands ; Adrenal Medulla ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Pheochromocytoma*

Pheochromocytoma stems from the chromaffin cell and mostly is located in the adrenal medulla. It is an important cause of secondary hypertension due to correction of hypertension by a resection of the tumor. Because it produces and secretes catecholamine, it bothers anesthesiologists with excessive hypertension, tachycardia and arrhythmia during the anesthetic period. Therefore, anesthetic management is directed to avoid these conditions. We report a case of bilateral pheochromocytoma successfully managed intraoperatively with an infusion of nicardipine and an intermittent esmolol injection.
Adrenal Medulla ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Chromaffin Cells ; Hypertension ; Nicardipine* ; Pheochromocytoma* ; Tachycardia

Ganglioneuroma is generally considered to be the benign mature from of tumor arising from neural crest tissue. The great chain of sympathetic ganglia including the adrenal medulla accounts for the origin of most of ganglioneuroma. Complete surgical excision of adrenal ganglioneuroma is the treatment of choice. Herein we report a cases of adrenal ganglioneuroma in a 17-year-old male which is confirmed by surgical exploration and histopathologic examination.
Adolescent ; Adrenal Medulla ; Ganglia, Sympathetic ; Ganglioneuroma* ; Humans ; Male ; Neural Crest

Ganglioneuroma is generally considered to be a benign tumor arising from neural crest tissue. An adrenal ganglioneuroma is located within the substance of the adrenal medulla or along the sympathetic chain, thus may secrete catecholamines, and present with endocrine symptoms. However, nonfunctional growths remain silent until they reach a large size, and are usually discovered incidentally. Complete surgical excision of adrenal ganglioneuroma is the treatment of choice, and especially a laparoscopic adrenalectomy can be performed safely, and is an ideal substitute to an open procedure, with the added benefits associated with minimally invasive surgery. Herein, we report a case of an incidentally discovered adrenal ganglioneuroma.
Adrenal Gland Neoplasms ; Adrenal Medulla ; Adrenalectomy ; Catecholamines ; Ganglioneuroma* ; Laparoscopy ; Neural Crest ; Surgical Procedures, Minimally Invasive

The features of the symptoms, laboratory tests and pathological characteristics of adrenal cortical and medullary hyperplasia were studied. In 6 cases of hypercatecholaminenia, plasma norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), catecholamine (CA) and 24-h urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (OHCS) and 17-ketosteroid (KS) were determined. Adrenal glands were examined by CT scan and 131I-MIBG imaging. Pathological examination was performed after operation. The results showed that in 6 cases of hypercatecholaminenia (3 men and 3 women) aged from 34-50 years, the clinical features were just like "pheochromocytoma", for example, episodic headache, perspiration, palpitation, pallor, apprehension, nausea, tremor, anxiety and so on. Plasma levels of CA, NE and E were elevated in all 6 cases. 24-h urinary samples obtained at the onset revealed elevated VMA in 1 case. 24-h urinary cortisol was obviously elevated in all 6 cases. 24-h urinary 17-OHCS, 17-KS was normal. B-type ultrasound, CT, MRI and 131I-MIBG revealed 9 lateral adrenal gland diffuse or nodular enlargement in 6 cases. Pathologic examination showed adrenal cortical and medullary hyperplasia. Clinically, adrenal cortical and medullary hyperplasia resembled "pheochromocytoma". The most significant feature of this disease was both elevated plasma CA and 24-h urinary cortisol obviously. Pathologic examination showed adrenal cortex nodular hyperplasia and medullar diffuse or limit hyperplasia. Whether it is an independent disease or symptoms of the other disease has not final conclusion up till now.
Adrenal Cortex/*pathology ; Adrenal Gland Diseases/*pathology ; Adrenal Medulla/*pathology ; Adrenocortical Hyperfunction/*pathology ; Catecholamines/blood ; Hyperplasia ; Hypertension/etiology ; Retrospective Studies

Extraadrenal pheochromocytomas developed from the paraganglia other than adrenal medulla are uncommon tumors. Such lesions have been reported that as much as 10% of retroperitoneal paragliomas arise outside the adrenal gland. But their incidence and prognosis are changing partly as a result of progression in developmental mechanism, diagnostic tools and concepts including ultrastructure, immunohistochemistry. The ultrastructure of chromaffine neoplasm from adrenal and extraadrenal tissues has been studied with chrarnaffine granule specificity and type of catecholamine content. With rare exceptions, extraadrenal chrornaffine tumor mainly has high concentration of norepinephrine which is suggested as dict relationship to numoruos electrone dense granular bodies in the cell cytoplasrn. High or intermediate level of epinephrine in tissue is associated with cytoplasmic granular bodies of much less density, Recently we experienced the exception, a case of norepinephrine secreting pheochrom-ocytoma in the organ of Zuckerkandl with epinephrine granules in cytoplasm and this discrepancy probably due to the plasticity
Adrenal Glands ; Adrenal Medulla ; Cytoplasm ; Epinephrine ; Immunohistochemistry ; Incidence ; Norepinephrine ; Para-Aortic Bodies ; Pheochromocytoma ; Plastics ; Prognosis ; Sensitivity and Specificity

Pheochromocytomas are neuroendocrine tumors of chromaffin cell that originate in the paraganglia of the adrenal medulla. Approximately 10% of pheochromocytomas are found in the extra-adrenal paraganglia and are called paragangliomas. However, cases of middle mediastinal paragangliomas are very rare. In this case, the patient presented with a voice change and a headache. A middle mediastinal soft tissue mass with marked enhancement was detected on computed tomography of the chest. The 24-hour urine catecholamine level was markedly elevated. The middle mediastinal mass was biopsied via mediastinoscopy and the resulting immunohistochemical staining was compatible with a diagnosis of middle mediastinal paraganglioma. The mass was resected surgically and the symptoms were relieved.
Adrenal Medulla ; Chromaffin Cells ; Headache ; Humans ; Mediastinoscopy ; Mediastinum ; Neuroendocrine Tumors ; Paraganglioma ; Pheochromocytoma ; Thorax ; Voice

Ganglioneuroma is a benign neurogenic tumor arising mostly from the great chains of sympathetic ganglia which extends from the base of skull to the pelvis including adrenal medulla. It occurs most frequently in the infant and young children, predominantly at the posterior mediastinum and retroperitoneum. Recently we experienced a case of bilateral ganglioneuroma of the retroperitoneal sympathetic chains in a 32 years old female patient and, herein, report with review of the literatures.
Adrenal Medulla ; Adult ; Child ; Female ; Ganglia, Sympathetic ; Ganglioneuroma* ; Humans ; Infant ; Mediastinum ; Pelvis ; Skull Base