Objective: This study was aimed at examining the trends and correlates of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors among Chinese children. Methods: A total of 4,341 subjects (6,936 observations) aged 6-17 years who participated in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (2004-2015) were included. Of the subjects, 41% participated in the survey twice or more. Random-effects ordinal regression models and repeated-measures mixed-effects models were used to examine the PA trends. Quantile regression models were applied to examine the factors influencing PA and sedentary behaviors. Results: From 2004 to 2015, the prevalence of physical inactivity among Chinese children aged 6-17 years increased by 5.5% [odds ratio ( Conclusions A declining PA trend among Chinese children aged 6-17 years was observed from 2004 to 2015, and certain subgroups and geographical areas are at higher risk of physical inactivity.
Adolescent ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/statistics & numerical data* ; Child ; Child Behavior/ethnology* ; China/epidemiology* ; Exercise ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Nutrition Surveys ; Regression Analysis ; Sedentary Behavior/ethnology*

PURPOSE: The present study was intended to compare difference in research variables between delinquent adolescents and student adolescents, and to analyze discriminative factors of delinquent behaviors among Korean adolescents. METHODS: The research design of this study was a questionnaire survey. Questionnaires were administered to 2,167 adolescents (1,196 students and 971 delinquents), sampled from 8 middle and high school and 6 juvenile corrective institutions, using the proportional stratified random sampling method. Statistical methods employed were Chi-square, t-test, and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The discriminative factors of delinquent behaviors were smoking, alcohol use, other drug use, being sexually abused, viewing time of media violence and pornography. Among these discriminative factors, the factor most strongly associated with delinquency was smoking (odds ratio: 32.32). That is, smoking adolescent has a 32-fold higher possibility of becoming a delinquent adolescent than a non-smoking adolescent. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings, that smoking was the strongest discriminative factor of delinquent behavior, suggest that educational strategies to prevent adolescent smoking may reduce the rate of juvenile delinquency. Antismoking educational efforts are therefore urgently needed in South Korea.
Adolescent ; Adolescent Behavior/*ethnology ; Adolescent Psychology ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Child Abuse, Sexual/ethnology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Discriminant Analysis ; Erotica/psychology ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Family/ethnology ; Female ; Health Education ; Humans ; Juvenile Delinquency/*ethnology/prevention & control/statistics & numerical data ; Korea/epidemiology ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Mass Media ; Questionnaires ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; Smoking/adverse effects/ethnology ; Students/psychology/statistics & numerical data ; Substance-Related Disorders/complications/ethnology ; Violence/ethnology

OBJECTIVETo observe the prevalence of hypertension and associated risk factors in the Guangxi Bai Ku Yao populations.

METHODSA total of 1170 subjects of Bai Ku Yao aged 15 and over were surveyed by a stratified randomized cluster sampling. Blood pressure, body height, weight, waist circumference, serum lipid and apolipoprotein levels were measured, and body mass index (BMI) were calculated, matched 1173 subjects of Han Chinese from the same region served as control.

RESULTSThe standardized prevalence of hypertension in Bai Ku Yao was significantly lower than that in Han (11.53% vs.16.79%, P < 0.01). The mean levels of systolic, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse pressure in Bai Ku Yao were also significantly lower than those in Han [(115.7 +/- 16.3) vs. (120.0 +/- 16.3) mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa), P < 0.01; (74.1 +/- 9.4) vs. (75.9 +/- 10.4) mm Hg, P < 0.01; and (41.6 +/- 12.0) vs. (44.2 +/- 11.2) mm Hg, P < 0.01; respectively]. Hypertension was positively correlated with male, age, physical activity, BMI, waist circumference, and the intakes of total energy, total fat, and sodium, and negatively associated with education level in both ethnic groups (P < 0.05 - 0.01), but was positively associated with alcohol consumption only in Han. The rates of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension were significantly lower in Bai Ku Yao than those in Han population [(11.81% vs. 21.76%), P < 0.05; (5.51% vs. 12.95%), P < 0.05; and (2.36% vs. 8.29%), P < 0.05; respectively].

CONCLUSIONThe prevalence of hypertension was significantly lower in Bai Ku Yao population than in Han population and diet, low sodium intake, life style, and genetic factors might be responsible for the lower hypertension prevalence in Bai Ku Yao population.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; China ; epidemiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; epidemiology ; ethnology ; Life Style ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to compare the paternal rearing behavior and rearing stress level between fathers with a preschooler and fathers with school children so that it can be utilized as a basic source for developing parental rearing education programs. METHODS: A descriptive comparative method was conducted to identify the paternal rearing behavior and paternal rearing stress. Respondents were 361 fathers who had either preschoolers (n=189) or children of elementary age (n=172). RESULTS: Comparing the two group's means, the rearing activity score and rearing stress there were significant differences. In the school children's group's father, 'outdoor activity' and 'guidance on discipline activity' were significantly higher than the other group. In the preschool children's fathers group, 'play interaction activity' was statistically significant higher than the other, and the child-part mean score of paternal rearing stress was significantly higher than the other group. The correlation between paternal rearing behavior and paternal rearing stress, indicates that more paternal rearing behavior means less paternal rearing stress. CONCLUSION: These results of this study will help design more effective rearing programs for fathers that have either preschool children or school children by providing the basic data for paternal rearing behaviors and paternal rearing stress.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Analysis of Variance ; Child ; Child Rearing/ethnology/*psychology ; Child, Preschool ; Father-Child Relations/ethnology ; Fathers/education/*psychology ; Gender Identity ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Korea/epidemiology ; Middle Aged ; Nursing Methodology Research ; Paternal Behavior/ethnology ; Play and Playthings ; Questionnaires ; Risk Factors ; Severity of Illness Index ; Social Support ; Stress, Psychological/ethnology/prevention & control/*psychology

INTRODUCTIONThe prevalence rate of anorexia nervosa is lower in Asia than in the West, although studies have found that it is on the rise in Asia. This study aims to present the clinical profile of patients presenting with anorexia nervosa in Singapore.

METHODSThe present study used archival data from the Eating Disorder Programme registry of the Department of Psychiatry, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore. Patient records from 2003 to 2010 were collected and analysed. Presenting characteristics of the patients were also compared with those of another local study conducted eight years earlier.

RESULTSFrom 2003 to 2010, a total of 271 patients were diagnosed with anorexia nervosa by a psychiatrist in our hospital. Of these, 251 (92.6%) were female and 238 (87.8%) were Chinese. Our patients had a lower mean weight (36.83 kg, p < 0.001) and a lower mean body mass index (BMI) (14.43 kg/m(2), p < 0.001) than patients from the previous local study. Almost half of all our patients (n = 135, 49.8%) were diagnosed with at least one psychiatric comorbidity and 50 (18.5%) had a history of self-harm.

CONCLUSIONThe presenting characteristics of our study cohort were similar to those of the Western population. However, the lower presenting weight and BMI in our cohort indicates that cases seen today are more severe than those seen eight years ago. Therefore, it is important to put in place prevention programmes to help adolescents cultivate a healthy body image as well as early intervention programmes to improve detection rates and treatment outcomes.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Anorexia Nervosa ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; ethnology ; therapy ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Body Image ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Child ; Comorbidity ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; Self-Injurious Behavior ; complications ; Singapore ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

Objective: To determine the prevalence and relative factors on those who missed the follow-up service among newly reported HIV/AIDS cases that were infected by homosexual behavior. Methods: Data were extracted from both HIV/AIDS case-reporting and follow-up cards on HIV/AIDS in the Comprehensive Response Information Management System, between December 2008 and December 2015. Data was analyzed, using the generalized estimating equations (GEE) to explore the relative factors of influence. Results: Among the newly reported HIV infection among MSM, the proportion of those who missed the follow-up services was 5.06% (6 037/119 358), and decreased dramatically, from 37.57% (1 261/3 356) to 0.84% (267/31 935) (trend χ(2)=103.43, P<0.01). In MSM population, the younger than 20-year olds (OR=1.30, 95%CI: 1.11-1.52), 20-year olds (OR=1.52, 95%CI: 1.36-1.69), 30-year olds (OR=1.22, 95%CI: 1.12-1.34), 40-year olds (OR=1.10, 95%CI: 1.01-1.20) were receiving less follow-up services than those 50-year olds. Those who had received either junior (OR=1.52, 95%CI: 1.37-1.69) or senior high school education (OR=1.35, 95%CI: 1.23-1.49) were receiving less follow-up service than those who were more educated. MSM with the following characteristics as unspecified occupation (OR=2.06, 95%CI: 1.49-2.87),unemployed (OR=1.54, 95%CI: 1.30-1.83), working in commercial service (OR=1.31, 95%CI: 1.15-1.49) or being student (OR=1.34, 95%CI: 1.18-1.52) were more difficult to be traced or followed than the cadres. Cases being identified on site (OR=2.99, 95%CI: 2.26-3.95) or under special investigation (OR=1.43, 95%CI: 1.29-1.59) had received less follow-up service than those being identified through voluntary counsel testing service. Floating population (OR=1.46, 95%CI: 1.28-1.66) were getting less follow-up service than local residents. Conclusions: The prevalence of those who had missed the follow-up services in the newly discovered MSM HIV cases declined dramatically. Among the MSM HIV cases, those having the following characteristics as: younger than 50-year old, with less school education, with unspecified occupation or unemployment, working in commercial service, being student, having history of incarceration, recruited from special investigation, and floating population were prone to miss the follow-up program, suggesting that the follow-up service should be targeting on these patients.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Adolescent ; Adult ; China ; Follow-Up Studies ; HIV Infections/transmission* ; Homosexuality, Male/statistics & numerical data* ; Humans ; Infections ; Lost to Follow-Up ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Patient Compliance ; Prevalence ; Sexual Behavior/ethnology* ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo study the distribution of genotypes about alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (ADH2) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) and its relationship with drinking-behaviors in Chinese Han healthy population as to providing a theoretic direction for filtering out high-risk and sensitive individuals and taking preventive measures to decrease the alcohol-related diseases.

METHODSUsing questionnaires to select subjects (201 persons, including men 104, women 97) for collecting blood samples and data about drinking-behaviors. Techniques of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) were used to detect the genotypes of ADH2 and ALDH2.

RESULTSHeterozygous ADH2 and homozygous ALDH2 were the two dominant ones (respectively 53.23%, 68.16%). There were no statistical differences among the distributions of nine combinations of ADH2 genotypes and ALDH2 ones. The difference of distribution of homozygous ALDH2 between males having high and middle drinking-frequencies seemed to be statistically meaningful.

CONCLUSIONThe proportion of individuals carrying about "susceptible genotypes of alcohol-related diseases" in Chinese Han healthy population should be more than one half (68.16%), which calls on reinforcing the surveillance and preventing the alcohol-related diseases. Correlation between genotypes of ADH2 and ALDH2 and alcohol-related diseases should be more important.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Alcohol Drinking ; ethnology ; genetics ; physiopathology ; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; China ; Drinking Behavior ; Ethanol ; metabolism ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; ethnology ; Genotype ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult