To attempt a rigorous definition of the structure of the accessory spleen (AS) in the Chinese hamster, we examined twenty-one animals, and found AS in 5 animals (23.8%), which were over 7-month-old. The AS had no connection with the main spleen and was seen as a dark red oval organ (0.7 mm x 1.5 mm), which was embedded in the adipose tissue near the tail of the pancreas. It was demarcated from the adipose tissue and some pancreatic tissue. The organ was encapsulated by thin collagenous connective tissue and smooth muscle fibers, and contained lymphatic nodules, reticular fibers, nodular central arterioles, macrophages and megakaryocytes. Notably the incidence of AS appeared to increase with age in the Chinese hamsters.
Adipose Tissue/anatomy & histology ; Age Factors ; Animals ; Connective Tissue/anatomy & histology ; Cricetinae ; Cricetulus/*anatomy & histology ; Erythrocytes/cytology ; Lymphocytes/cytology ; Muscle, Smooth/anatomy & histology ; Pancreas ; Spleen/*anatomy & histology/cytology

OBJECTIVETo discuss the midface aging mechanism through anatomic study of malar fat pad.

METHODS10 fresh adult cadaveric heads (20 sides) fixed by vascular perfusion of formalin were used for anatomic study with microsurgery technique under microscope. The midfacial ligament and connective tissue between skin and subcutaneous fat were observed carefully in different parts of midface. The location, shape and extent of malar fat pad was also recorded and photographed.

RESULTSThe malar fat pad has a triangle shape. The bottom is a curve along the orbicularis retaining ligament at the lower eyelid. The fat pad is extended internally to the nasolabial fold and labiomandibular fold, externally from the major zygomatic muscle end point at the malar surface to the angulus oris and submandibular edge. (2) The malar fat pad is composed of meshed fibrous tissue, with big fat particles in it. It becomes tight when being stretched in horizontal direction along nasolabial fold and loosen when being stretched in vertical direction. (3) There is tight connection between skin and fat pad, which is divided into four areas as I, II, III, IV. The areas I, II, III are strip-shaped parelled to the nasolabial fold. The area IV is a irregular quadrilateral. (4) There are six fixation ligaments between malar fat pad and deep tissue: orbicularis retaining ligament upper layer of lower eyelid, orbicularis retaining ligament substratum of lower eyelid, zygomaticus ligament, zygomatic cutaneous ligament, zygomatic cutaneous ligament substratum, platysma There are four closely connected areas cutaneous forward ligament, cheek maxilla ligament.

CONCLUSIONSbetween the facial skin and malar fat pad which makes malar fat pad and skin keep relatively consistent. The malar fat pad moving down mainly resulted from slack of ligaments support which is one of the reasons for aging face.

Adipose Tissue ; anatomy & histology ; physiology ; Cadaver ; Cheek ; Eyelids ; anatomy & histology ; physiology ; Face ; anatomy & histology ; physiology ; Facial Muscles ; anatomy & histology ; physiology ; Head ; Humans ; Ligaments ; anatomy & histology ; physiology ; Lip ; anatomy & histology ; physiology ; Skin ; anatomy & histology ; Skin Aging ; pathology ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of autologous dermal-fat strip grafting in penile augmentation and elongation.

METHODSFrom May 2004 to December 2010, 24 patients underwent penile enhancement with free dermal-fat strip grafting. Through suprapubic incision, the superior suspensory ligament and part deep suspensory ligament are cutted off to lengthen the penis. The resulted dead space is filled with the autologous dermal-fat strip (6.0-9.5 cm in length, 1.2-1.5 cm in width and 0.6-0.8 cm in depth) to enhance the penis.

RESULTSPrimary healing was achieved in 23 cases. Incisional fat liquefaction happened in one case which healed after dressing change. The penile appearance was satisfactory both at rest or erection. The penile length and circumference increased by 2.5-4.8 cm (average, 3.2 cm) and 1.8-3.0 cm (average, 2.4 cm), respectively. 18 patients were followed up for 3 months to 5 years. All the patients were satisfactory on the cosmetic and functional results. No complication happened.

CONCLUSIONSIt is safe and effective for penile augmention and elongation with autologous dermal-fat strip grafting and disconnection of penile suspensory ligament.

Adipose Tissue ; transplantation ; Humans ; Ligaments ; surgery ; Male ; Organ Size ; Penile Erection ; Penis ; anatomy & histology ; surgery ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; methods

OBJECTIVETo determine the validity of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in measuring body composition and to compare with the reference stable isotope dilution method.

METHODSAccording to the data from 150 students of Bethune Military Medical College, 16 female young adults with normal BMI were selected as the participants. The experimental period was 14 days. During the experimental period, the subjects were centralized on management. At the first day of the period, double labeled water was given to the subjects orally. The urine collection time-points were 2h, 4h, 6h, 8h and the 2nd to 14th day after the administration of isotope dose. All isotope measurements were made by using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. From the isotope curing curve, the indexes of body composition were gained. At the same time, the body compositions were also measured by using BIA method every day (3 hours after dinner). The paired t test and Pearson correlations were used to measure the significance and the degree of correlation between the measurements determined by using the two methods.

RESULTSThere were no significant differences between the measurements determined by using the two methods. TBW, FFM, BF and BF% measured with the BIA method were significantly correlated with those measured by using the isotope method (r = 0.556, 0.556, 0.817 and 0.606 respectively).

CONCLUSIONBIA might provide an accurate and reliable assessment in body composition of the healthy Chinese adults.

Adipose Tissue ; anatomy & histology ; Adult ; Anthropometry ; methods ; Body Composition ; Body Mass Index ; Body Water ; Electric Impedance ; Humans ; Male

Recently some studies have showed that bone strength may avoid the misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis of osteoporosis(OP) by bone mineral density (BMD) alone. It was found that corrected bone mineral content (cBMC) was well correlated with bone strength. In this study bone strength was replaced by cBMC to compare it with BMD, and evaluate whether BMD has limitations in the diagnosis of OP in obese individuals. one hundred and two healthy subjects in the community with the body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 39 kg/m2 were enrolled. There were 31 males and 71 females with a mean age of 37.2 +/- 9.4 years. Their BMD and BMC of lower limbs, trunk and the whole body were measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). cBMC was expressed by BMC divided by weight. Intra abdominal fat area (IAFA) was measured by CT scan at the level between 4th-5th lumbar vertebra. Linear correlation analysis with SPSS 10.0 soft pack was used for statistics. The results showed that there was a positive correlation and tendency between body weight, BMI and BMD values of lower limbs, trunk and the whole body. However, negative correlation and tendency were demonstrated between body weight, BMI and cBMC, between IAFA and BMD of lower limbs, trunk and the whole body and between IAFA and cBMC as well. We found that the tendency of changes of cBMC and bone strength was similar. So we suggest in certain extent that cBMC could replace bone strength in the diagnosis of OP in obese individuals.
Abdomen ; anatomy & histology ; Adipose Tissue ; anatomy & histology ; Adult ; Bone Density ; Bone and Bones ; physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Obesity ; complications ; Osteoporosis ; complications ; diagnosis

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the application of ultrasonography in the detection of nasal interdomal fat pad (IFP).

METHODSThirty-eight patients who underwent open rhinoplasty and other surgeries in our hospital were enrolled in this study. All patients were studied by ultrasonography to evaluate the shape, structure, size, and location of IFP. The results of ultrasonography were compared with intraoperative findings.

RESULTSThe boundaries between IFP and the subcutaneous fat were clear under ultrasonography in 32 patients (84.2%), but were not clear in 6 patients (15.8%) who had undergone injection rhinoplasty (n=2) or augmentation rhinoplasty (n=4). As shown by ultrasonography,the average length,width,and height of IFP were (11.81∓1.28) mm, (2.49∓0.57) mm, and (1.90∓0.61) mm, respectively,which were not significantly different between male and female patients (P>0.05). In addition, the length, width, and height of IFP were significantly larger in nasorostral hypertrophy group than in normal group (P0.05).

CONCLUSIONUltrasonography can accurately evaluate the size and morphology of IFP pre-operatively, and therefore is helpful to ensure the success of rhinoplasty.

Adipose Tissue ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Nose ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Preoperative Care ; Ultrasonography ; Young Adult

According to the coupling relationship of electromagnetic field, thermal field and acoustic field during the time that microwave irradiates the biological tissues, we conducted a study on the microwave-induced thermoacoustic tomography forward problem. In the study, we started from the thermoacoustic wave propagation that incorporated the spatial inhomogeneities of thermal and acoustic properties, and we used a method based on the finite element to solve the thermoacoustic equation. As the penetration depth and the specific absorption rate changed with the microwave frequency in biological tissue, the hotspot position and value altered, so the pressure wave propagation and the detecting value would be influenced. By analyzing the simulation results, we found that different detection point has different information content. Because the microwave-induced acoustic waves contain abundant information about the structural, electromagnetic and acoustic properties of phantom, they can reflect information on the tissue composition and structure of the phantom effectively.
Acoustics ; instrumentation ; Adipose Tissue ; anatomy & histology ; Biophysical Phenomena ; Humans ; Microwaves ; Muscle, Skeletal ; anatomy & histology ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Thermography ; methods ; Tomography ; instrumentation ; methods

OBJECTIVETo study the anatomy of peroneal tendofascial flap combined with adipofascial flap for the repair of heel tissue defects.

METHODSThe lower extremities of five cadavers (10 sides) were perfused with red latex, the blood supply of peroneal tendofascial flap and vicinity adipofascial flap were observed. The diameter, course, branches and location of the blood vessels were measured. Eight fresh cadavers (16 sides) were perfused with lead oxide-gelatine mixture. The covering fascia tissues of the lower extremities was obtained and photographed by X-ray. The vascular anastomosis and association of nutrient vessel of peroneal tendofascial flap and vicinity adipofascial flap were observed. Two adult lower extremities specimens (4 sides) were used to construct vessel diagrams for observation of the course, distribution and anastomosis of the vessels. Eight cases were treated successfully with theses flaps.

RESULTSThe blood supply of the combined fascial flap is multi-originated. For the area within 4 cm below and above the lateral malleolus cusp, the blood supply includes 2-5 branches from heel lateral artery with an average diameter of (0.5 +/- 0.2) mm, 1-2 branches from posterior lateral malleolus artery with an average diameter of (0.6 +/- 0.2) mm and 2-3 branches from the descending part of perforating branches of peroneal artery with an average diameter of (0.5 +/- 0.2) mm. The blood supply of area 4 cm above lateral malleolus cusp is 1-3 branches from intermuscular septum perforating branches of peroneal artery with an average diameter of (1.0 +/- 0.2) mm. These above branches are anastomosed each other and also send off many smaller branches to form vascular net around tendon. The fascial flaps and free skin grafts in eight patients were completely survived. All patients were followed up for 3-24 months, the donor and recipient sites were healed very well. The functional and cosmetic results were satisfactory.

CONCLUSIONSPeroneal tendofascial flap combined with adipofascial flap, with proximal pedicle or reverse distal pedicle, can be used to repair the defect at the lower leg and refractory small- and medium-sized defects at the heel.

Adipose Tissue ; anatomy & histology ; transplantation ; Adult ; Aged ; Fascia ; anatomy & histology ; transplantation ; Female ; Fibula ; Heel ; injuries ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Muscle, Skeletal ; anatomy & histology ; transplantation ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; methods ; Skin Transplantation ; Surgical Flaps

OBJECTIVETo investigate the change of zygomatic and temporal soft tissue after coronal incision.

METHODSA retrospective analysis was performed in 33 patients who received firm fixation for unilateral zygomatic comminuted fracture through semi-coronal incision. All the patients were followed up for more than one year. Craniofacial anthropometric measurement through 3D-CT reconstruction and facial profile was performed. The difference between the operated side and healthy side was analyzed.

RESULTSAt the temporal concave point, the soft tissue thickness at healthy side was (1.60 +/- 0. 97) mm more than that at operated side, showing a significant difference between them (P < 0.01). While the soft tissue thickness was not statistically different between two sides at zygion, malar prominence, zygomaxillare, and temporal convex point (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe soft tissue atrophy may happen at temporal fat pad after semi-coronal incision, but not at zygomatic area. Intraoperative precise dissection and less stretch of soft tissue may be helpful to avoid the postoperative facial asymmetry.

Adipose Tissue ; anatomy & histology ; Adult ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fractures, Comminuted ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Period ; Retrospective Studies ; Scalp ; surgery ; Young Adult ; Zygomatic Fractures ; surgery

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relation between fat mass (FM), fat free mass (FFM) and ventilatory function in children and adolescents. 1 174 healthy children and adolescents (583 males and 591 females) aged 10-18 years were selected from Heilongjiang Province through random sampling by means of questionnaire and physical examination, and measured for height, weight, waist to hip ratio (WHR), FM, FFM and ventilatory function. The data were analyzed by means of independent-samples t test, Pearson correlation analysis and multi-factors regression analysis. Regardless of sex, an independent positive correlation was found (P<0.001) between age and FFM index (FFMI). FM index (FMI) correlated negatively with age in males (P<0.001), but positively with age in females (P<0.001). Regardless of sex, FFMI correlated positively with forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory flow at 25% of forced vital capacity (FEF25%), FEF50%, and maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMEF) (P<0.05), while negatively with FEV1/FVC (P<0.01). FFMI was correlated positively with FEF75% in males (P<0.05), but not correlated in females. In males, FMI correlated negatively with FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEF, FEF25%, FEF50%, FEF75% and MMEF (P<0.05), but not correlated with FVC. No correlation was found between the ventilatory function indices and FMI in females. Except FEV1/FVC and FEF75% in males, the effect of FFMI in predicting ventilatory function was higher than FMI regardless of sex. Moreover, the predicting effect of FFMI was higher in males than that in females. Growth spurt of lung function occurred in the ages of 12-15 years in males, while in the ages of 12, 13 and 18 years in females. During the period of growth spurt of lung function, regardless of sex, the effect of FFMI in predicting the lung function was higher than that of age. In conclusion, regardless of sex, FFMI correlates positively with ventilatory function, as a reflection of muscle mass. The effect of FFM in predicting ventilatory function is higher in males than that in females. FM correlates negatively with ventilatory function in males, but not in females. The rapid growth of height and FFM are possibly the main reasons for growth spurt of lung function.
Adipose Tissue ; anatomy & histology ; physiology ; Adolescent ; Body Composition ; physiology ; Body Mass Index ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pulmonary Ventilation ; physiology ; Respiratory Function Tests