Recently, various modalities for noninvasive reduction of adipose tissue, including cryolipolysis, radiofrequency, low-level laser therapy, and high-intensity focused ultrasound, have become available. Among these modalities, cryolipolysisis can selectively target certain tissues rich in lipids. Many preclinical and clinical studies have established the safety and efficacy of cryolipolysis for noninvasive body contouring. However, it can lead to serious adverse effects when performed by untrained clinicians. Thus, to promote the proper and safe use of cyolipolysis, we have summarized the history, basic principles, and adverse effects of cyolipolysis.
Adipose Tissue ; Low-Level Light Therapy ; Ultrasonography

Lipoma is one of the unusual benign breast neoplasms and usually manifests at fatty breast of women at the age of 40 to 60. We experienced a case of large breast lipoma nearly replacing the whole left breast parenchymal tissue with mammographic finding of well-defined radiolucent mass, sonographic finding of hyperechoic mass with disorganized echopattern and computerized tomographic finding of very low attenuation mass, characteristic to adipose tissue, in a young woman of her dense breast.
Adipose Tissue ; Breast Neoplasms ; Breast* ; Female ; Humans ; Lipoma* ; Ultrasonography

Hamartoma of the breast is a rare benign lesion presenting as palpable mass. They are, however, sometimes misdiagnosed by pathologist due to their resemblance to other benign or physiologic conditions of the breast. We report two cases of hamartomas of the breast. The clinical diagnosis was fibroadenoma in both cases. One patient was a 49-year-old woman presented with palpable mass for the duration of 5 months. Mammography showed a well demarcated round mass with homogeneous density which is slightly greater than the surrounding glandular tissue. Grossly it was a 3.5 3.0 2.0 cm sized round firm mass covered by thin fibrous tissue. Microscopically it was a well defined mass composed of variable amount of breast lobules, dilated ducts and adipose tissue surrounded by dense hyalinized connective tissue. The adipose tissue accounted for 30% of the entire lesion. Cellular atypism was not found. The other patient was a 18-year-old woman presented with palpable mass of the duration of 3 years, which was increased in size recently. Mammography demonstratesd a well delimited lobulated mass with lucent halo. Ultrasonography showed a well encapsulated low echoic mass admixed with high echoic areas. Grossly, it was a 4.0 4.0 2.0 cm sized well demarcated oval-shaped firm mass with translucent thin fibrous capsule.. Microscopic findings were similar to the former. The amount of adipose tissue was 20%.
Adipose Tissue ; Adolescent ; Breast* ; Connective Tissue ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Fibroadenoma ; Hamartoma* ; Humans ; Hyalin ; Mammography ; Middle Aged ; Ultrasonography

Epicardial fat may anteriorly produce an echo-free space that can be mistaken for pericardial fluid. We recently experienced a 67-year-old woman with prominent epicardial fat which was presented as an echogenic tumor-like mass. She underwent open pericardiostomy to relieve large amount of pericardial effusion. Operative findings revealed only prominent epicardial fat. Biopsy of the pericardial and fat tissues revealed an inflammation and normal fat cells without any malignant cell infiltration.
Adipose Tissue/ultrasonography* ; Adipose Tissue/radiography ; Adipose Tissue/pathology ; Aged ; Biopsy ; Case Report ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Echocardiography ; Female ; Heart Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Human ; Pericardial Effusion/etiology ; Pericardial Effusion/diagnosis ; Pericardium/ultrasonography* ; Pericardium/radiography ; Pericardium/pathology

PURPOSE: We evaluated the effects of a pubovaginal sling (PVS), with a Martius labial fat pad interposition (MLFI), on patients with a female urethral diverticulum. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 23 consecutive cases with a female urethral diverticulum were retrospectively reviewed. The pre-operative evaluations included the history, physical examination, voiding cystourethrogram, cystoscopy, transperineal ultrasound and urodynamic studies to investigate the urethral function and the concomitant stress urinary incontinence. The treatment consisted of a transvaginal diverticulectomy alone, or with a PVS only, or combined with a MLFI. RESULTS: A transvaginal diverticulectomy only was performed, using a 3-layer closure, in nine patients (39.1%) and a concomitant PVS with a diverticulectomy in eight (34.8%) with stress urinary incontinence. A MLFI, combined with the above procedure, was performed in six patients (26.1%) with large defects of the urethra following the resection of diverticulum. No women having undergone a diverticulectomy with, or without, a PVS and MLFI had an urethrovaginal fistula, recurrent diverticulum or postoperative incontinence. CONCLUSIONS: In complicated cases, a simultaneous transvaginal diverticulectomy, pubovaginal sling and Martius labial fat pad interposition can be performed safely and effectively.
Adipose Tissue* ; Cystoscopy ; Diverticulum ; Female* ; Fistula ; Humans ; Physical Examination ; Retrospective Studies ; Ultrasonography ; Urethra ; Urinary Incontinence ; Urodynamics

Renal angiomyolipomas are uncommon benign neoplasms composed of mature adipose tissue, thick walled blood vessels and smooth muscle in varying proportions. Accurate preoperative diagnosis of renal angiomyolipoma is essential if conservative resection or angiographic embolization is to be used. In recent years, abdominal computerized tomography (CT) and renal ultrasonography have resolved the diagnostic dilemma, making detection of angiomyolipomas possible in almost all cases. Recently, we performed selective renal angioembolizations in 3 patients (2 females, 1 male). After followup period of 6 months to 1 year, all patient got better in clinical symptoms. In two of them the lesions decreased in size on followup CT but one patient showed suspicious malignant change and we performed the exploration to rule out renal malignancy. In our opinion, it is appropriate to perform the selective renal angioembolization for initial treatment of renal angiomyolipomas.
Adipose Tissue ; Angiomyolipoma* ; Blood Vessels ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Muscle, Smooth ; Ultrasonography

Cystic teratoma in the greater omentum is extremely rare . We recently experienced a case of torsion of omental cystic teratoma in a 26-month-old girl. Clinically she had abdominal pain and a palpable mass. Ultrasonography and computed tomography showed a large cystic mass with inhomogeneous solid mass containing fat and calcification. The mass was excised easily by surgery and histopathologic examination showed matured omental cystic teratoma wjth squamous epithelium and adipose tissue. The patient was discharged on 6th postoperative day. The main clinical and pathological aspects were discussed, and the literatures were reviewed.
Abdominal Pain ; Adipose Tissue ; Child* ; Child, Preschool ; Epithelium ; Female ; Humans ; Omentum ; Teratoma* ; Ultrasonography

The body condition score (BCS) system is a subjective scoring method of evaluating the energy reserves of dairy animals to provide better understanding of biological relationships between body fat, milk production and reproduction. This method helps in adopting the optimum management practices to derive maximum production and maintain optimum health of the livestock. In this study, a new BCS system was developed for Murrah buffaloes. The skeletal check points were identified by studying the anatomical features and amount of fat reserves in slaughtered animals. The scores were assigned from 1 to 5 based on the amount of fat reserves in slaughtered animals. A score of 1 represents least and 5 represents most amount of fat. The skeletal check points identified were ordered based on the amount of carcass fat reserves and scores assigned to prepare a preliminary BCS chart on a 1 to 5 scale at 0.25 increments. The BCS chart was further modified by eliminating the skeletal check points at which the fat reserves were less evident on palpation in most of the buffaloes and a new BCS chart on a 1 to 5 scale at 0.5 increments examining eight skeletal check points was developed. The new BCS system developed was tested for precision in 10 buffaloes for each point of the 1-5 scale by ultrasonographic measurements of body fat reserves. Ultrasonographic measurements showed that as the BCS increased, the amount of fat reserves also increased (p < 0.01), indicating that the BCS adequately reflected the amount of actual fat reserves. BCS was significantly correlated (r = 0.860) with the carcass fat reserves as well as the ultrasonographic fat reserves (r = 0.854).
Adipose Tissue/*physiology/ultrasonography ; Animals ; Body Composition/*physiology ; Buffaloes/*physiology ; Dairying ; Female

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between bone mineral density and nutrient intake among normal and obese elementary students. Each subject was assigned to one of such as normal (n = 69) and obese groups (n = 94) according to their obesity indices. And they were asked for general characteristics, dietary habits and nutrient intakes using questionnaires and 24-hr recall method. They measured the sound of speed (SOS) of calcaneus using quantitative ultrasound. The averages age of the subjects were 10.6 years in normal and 10.7 years in obese group. The averages weight (p < 0.001) and obesity index (p < 0.001) of the normal group were significantly lower than those of the obese group. In dietary habits, the obese group in boys was the higher skipped breakfast than normal group (p < 0.01). The plant calcium intake of obesity in girls was lower than those of normal group (p < 0.05). The SOS in the calcaneus was 1697.6 m/s in the obese group and 1763.7 m/s in the normal group (p < 0.01). The SOS in the calcaneus was negatively correlated to weight (p < 0.01), obesity index (p < 0.001) and percent of body fat (p < 0.01). Also the SOS in the calcaneus was positively correlated plant calcium intake (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the excessive increase of weight and percent of body fat in elementary students appeared to have negative impact to bone health. And based on these results, further studies on the effects on bone mineral density of obese and nutrient intakes in needed for proper bone health.
Adipose Tissue ; Bone Density* ; Breakfast ; Calcaneus ; Calcium ; Female ; Food Habits* ; Humans ; Obesity ; Plants ; Ultrasonography ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Adrenal myelolipoma is an uncommon, benign, hormonally non-active lesion that is composed of a mix of hemopoietic elements and mature adipose tissue. Most adrenal myelolipomas are incidentally found by ultrasonogram, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. This tumor is commonly asymptomatic, although patients will occasionally present with nonspecific abdominal pain. We report here on a case of myelolipoma that was treated by Hand-assisted transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy.
Abdominal Pain ; Adipose Tissue ; Adrenal Glands ; Adrenalectomy* ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Myelolipoma* ; Ultrasonography