Adipocytes ; cytology ; Humans ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; methods ; Stroke ; therapy

Regenerative medicine is an emerging discipline. Adipose tissue is a rich source of fat cells and mesenchymal stem cells, and autologous fat grafting has increasingly been applied in plastic surgeries and dermatological treatments. This paper reviews the latest advances in autologous fat grafting in scar revision.
Adipocytes ; transplantation ; Adipose Tissue ; cytology ; Cicatrix ; surgery ; Humans ; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures

OBJECTIVETo explore the optimal seed cells derived from human adipose tissue for promoting the engraftment of transplanted adipose tissue in nude mice.

METHODSHuman adipose tissue granules (0.3 ml) obtained from patients undergoing liposuction were mixed with hypoxic adipose-derived stem cells (ADCs, group A), ADCs (Group B), stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells (group C), or pure adipose tissue granules in complete culture medium particles (group D). The mixtures were injected subcutaneously on the back of 6 nude mice, and the transplanted adipose tissues were harvested 3 months later to examine the engraftment using histological method and HE staining.

RESULTSThe wet weights of the adipose grafts in groups B and C (91.67∓1.472 mg and 96.67∓5.164 mg, respectively) were similar (P>0.05), but both significantly higher than those in groups A and D (61.67∓8.165 mg and 40.83 ∓4.916 mg, respectively, P<0.05). The grafts in groups A, B and Cshowed a significantly higher blood vessel density than those in group D; the blood vessel density was the highest in group C (P<0.05) and similar in groups A and B (P>0.05). Histologically, the adipose grafts in groups B and C consisted predominantly of adipose tissue, with less necrosis and fibrosis than those in groups A and D (P<0.05). The fibrosis count was the highest in group D (P<0.05), and similar in groups B and C (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe adipose-derived stem cells, especially ASCs and SVFs, can promote the engraftment of human adipose tissue in nude mice, indicating their potential clinical value in adipose tissue transplantation.

Adipocytes ; cytology ; transplantation ; Adipose Tissue ; cytology ; Animals ; Blood Vessels ; cytology ; Cell Hypoxia ; Cells, Cultured ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Stromal Cells ; cytology ; Transplantation, Heterologous

When mature adipocytes are subjected to an in vitro dedifferentiation strategy referred to as ceiling culture, these mature adipocytes can revert to dedifferentiated fat (DFAT) cells. DFAT cells have many advantages compared with adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). For example, DFAT cells are homogeneous and could be obtained from donors regardless of their age. Furthermore, DFAT cells also have the same multi-lineage potentials and low immunogenicity as ASCs. As an excellent source of seed cells for tissue engineering and stem cell transplantation, DFAT cells have better prospects in the treatment of many clinical diseases, such as bone defects, neurological diseases, ischemic heart disease and kidney disease. It is necessary to make more intensive studies of DFAT cells. This article summarizes progresses in the immunological characteristics, differentiation ability and potential clinical applications of DFAT cells.
Adipocytes ; cytology ; Cell Dedifferentiation ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Humans ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Tissue Engineering

Erectile dysfunction (ED), as a pathological phenomenon, refers to repeated or sustained difficulty to achieve and maintain sufficient penile erection to complete satisfactory sexual intercourse or sexual activity in male. The erectile reflex interruption induced by cavernous nerve (CN) damage is a direct cause of ED. In addition, the apoptosis of smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells in the corpus cavernosum caused by CN injury, along with the reduction of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle fibers, can increase the incidence of ED. Therefore, early intervention of the pathological process of CN injury and promotion of CN regeneration are essential for the treatment of ED. In recent years, the stem cell therapy for ED has become a focus in clinical research. This article offers an overview on the application of embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, muscle-derived stem cells, and adipose stem cells in the treatment of ED.
Adipocytes ; cytology ; Embryonic Stem Cells ; cytology ; Erectile Dysfunction ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle ; cytology ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cells ; cytology

OBJECTIVETo explore the migration of intravenously injected adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in SD rats with soft tissue wound.

METHODS1.8 cm x 1.8 cm full thickness skin defect and 0.5 cm in depth soft tissue defects were made on the back of 6 SD rats. ADSCs were isolated and cultured in vitro for 3 passages. 2.4 x 10(6) ADSCs were labeled with DiI and transplanted into the SD rats through tail vein. Normal skin and wound tissue samples were collected for fluorescent distribution observation 24, 48 days after injection, respectively.

RESULTSCompared to normal skin, more fluorescent positive cells were detected in the margin and deep layer of the wound 24 days after operation. But it is accumulated within dermis and adenoid 48 days after operation.

CONCLUSIONWound can probably induce the migration and accumulation of intravenously transplanted ADSCs.

Adipocytes ; cytology ; Animals ; Cell Movement ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cells ; cytology ; Wound Healing ; Wounds and Injuries

Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are pluripotent stem cells isolated from the adipose tissue and have the potential for self-renewal and multi-directional differentiation into neurogenic cells, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and so on. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common male sexual dysfunction that has a negative impact on the lives of the patients and their partners. Current treatments of ED include surgery and medication, with oral 5-phosphodiesterase inhibitors as the first-line drugs. However, a small number of the patients are not sensitive to these therapies and cannot be improved or cured pathologically. So far, animal experiments and preclinical trials have confirmed the safety and efficacy of ADSCs, which act on ED though paracrine mechanisms. This review summarizes the advances in the recent 5 years in the studies of ADSCs for the treatment of ED.
Adipocytes ; transplantation ; Adipose Tissue ; cytology ; Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Erectile Dysfunction ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; methods ; trends

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the clinical effect of cell-assisted lipotransfer (CAL) for breast augmentation.

METHODS18 patients accepted breast augmentation using CAL. 10 patients completed 6-month follow-up and were involved in the study. The adipose tissue was harvested from patients' thighs, flanks and lower abdomen with Lipokit. After standing, 250 ml fatty portion and 500 ml fluid portion of suction aspirates were processed according to the procedures reported in reference. Flow-cytometry was used to detect the percentage of adipose-derived stem cells(ADSCs) in distilled stromal vascular fraction (SVF). The differentiation function of cultured cells also was assessed. The breast volume and images were evaluated by using MRI before operation, 3 and 6 months after operation. The breast volume was marked as V0, V3 and V6 respectively. The resorption rate of transplanted adipose tissue for each breast was calculated and marked as R3 and R6.

RESULTSAveragely, the percentage of ADSCs in freshly distilled SVF was 41.67%. The in-vitro cultured cell grew well and could differentiate into fat, bone and cartilage. Statistics showed that V0, V3 and V6 was (416.19 +/- 40.43) ml, (551.72 +/- 59.86) ml and (538.81 +/- 68.35) ml respectively. R3 and R6 was (51.20 +/- 11.96)% and (54.22 +/- 12.73)%. There was significant difference between V3 and V0 (P < 0.05), V6 and V0. However, no significant difference was showed between V3 and V6 or R3 and R6. In addition, no cyst or calcification was seen in all MRI images.

CONCLUSIONSIn process of breast augmentation using CAL, the distilled SVF contains 41.67% ADSCs which have adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic function. Within 3-month post-operation, the breast volume decreases obviously but the volume sustains after that. Compared with the preoperative volume, the 6-month postoperative volume is significantly increased and the breasts' contour is improved greatly. This study indicates that CAL is a safe and effective way for breast augmentation.

Adipocytes ; cytology ; transplantation ; Adipose Tissue ; cytology ; Adult ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Female ; Humans ; Mammaplasty ; methods ; Middle Aged ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stromal Cells ; cytology

OBJECTIVETo assess the effect of local and intravenous transplantation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in promoting soft tissue wound healing in rats.

METHODSADSCs isolated from the adipose tissues of SD rats were cultured in vitro, and the third-passage cells were identified for their capacity of multipotent differentiation. Eighteen SD rats with 1.8 cm² dorsal full-thickness soft tissue defects (0.5 cm deep) were randomized into 3 groups to receive injection of 3.0×10⁶ DiI-labeled ADSCs via the tail vein, local injection of the cells at the wound site, or injection of saline (control). The wound healing was evaluated on days 3, 7, 11, and 14 postoperatively. On day 24 after the injury, tissue samples at the wound site were collected for fluorescent microscopy and HE staining.

RESULTSThe ADSCs obtained were capable of adipogenic, osteogenic, and neurogenic differentiation in vitro. ADSCs transplantation significantly promoted wound healing as compared to the control group. Obvious wound contracture was observed in the local injection group on day 3 and in the intravenous injection group on day 7. Fluorescence microscopy revealed DiI-positive cells in the healing wound, and HE staining showed a greater tissue thickness at the wound in the two ADSCs transplantation groups. Compared to the control group, the two ADSCs transplantation groups showed more gland-like structures and better neovascularization at the wound.

CONCLUSIONADSCs can significantly promote wound healing in rats, and local injection of ADSCs allows more rapid and obvious wound healing than tail veil injection of the stem cells.

Adipocytes ; cytology ; transplantation ; Adipose Tissue ; cytology ; Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; methods ; Stem Cells ; cytology ; Wound Healing

OBJECTIVETo investigate the feasibility of using adipose tissue derived stem cells (ASCs) to promote neovascularization and survival rate of free fat transplantation.

METHODSASCs were isolated from aspirates from human liposuction and cultured in vitro. The cells were incubated in adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic medium for 2-4 weeks to induce adipogenesis, osteogenesis and chondrogenesis, respectively. ASCs were labelled by DiI. ASCs (A group), Insulin (B group), Medium (C group) were respectively mixed with free fat graft from aspirates. The mixtures were injected subcutaneously at the three random points on the back of eighteen 4- 6-week-old nude mice. Transplanted fat tissue was harvested after 6 months. The grafts were assessed by morphological observation, HE staining and immunohistochemistry.

RESULTSASCs can be easily harvested from liposuction aspirates and differentiate into adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic lineages. The wet weight of transplanted fat tissue in ASCs group was (165.97 +/- 5.51) mg, significantly higher than that in the insulin group (93.42 +/- 5.12) mg and control group (67.64 +/- 5.09) mg (P = 0.000). The rate of fibrosis and steatonecrosis in ASCs group was( 152.2 +/- 9.8)/10HF, significantly lower than that in the Insulin group (743.9 +/- 20.4)/10HF and control group (892.2 +/- 16.5)/10HF (P = 0.000). DiI labelled ASCs were found between adipocytes and in the connective tissue in free transplanted fat tissue, and some of these cells were immunopositive for antihuman CD31 and FITC, suggesting differentiation into vascular endothelial cells.

CONCLUSIONSASCs can differentiate into vascular endothelial cells and contribute to angiogenesis in free transplanted fat tissue. ASCs can increase the survival rate and decrease the rate of fibrosis and steatonecrosis of free transplanted fat tissue. These findings suggest that ASCs-assisted transplantation may be an ideal cell therapy.

Adipocytes ; cytology ; Adipose Tissue ; cytology ; transplantation ; Adult ; Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Feasibility Studies ; Female ; Graft Survival ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Neovascularization, Physiologic ; Stem Cells ; cytology ; Tissue Scaffolds