Human adenovirus (HAdV) is one of the most important pathogens in infants and young children with acute respiratory infections and other diseases. This article reviews the literature on HAdV, including its molecular biological characteristics, detection and typing, and pathogenic mechanism, the clinical features and epidemiological characteristics of HAdV-related diseases, and the prevention and control of HAdV infections. So far, 67 types of HAdV have been identified, including recombinant variants discovered in recent years. The major epidemic strains that cause acute respiratory infections are HAdV-3 and HAdV-7, both of which belong to the subgroup B. HAdV often leads to acute respiratory infections, but it also causes diseases of other systems. HAdV-related diseases have similar clinical manifestations as those caused by other respiratory viruses, but often accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms. The pathogenic mechanism of HAdV remains unclear, especially for the new recombinant variants, due to few studies on their association with diseases. Because there are no prospective, large randomized controlled trials of HAdV infections, the treatment of HAdV infections is controversial. Vaccine is the most effective measure to reduce respiratory HAdV infections, but it is still not commercially available.
Adenovirus Infections, Human ; virology ; Adenoviruses, Human ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Animals ; Humans

Adenoviruses are double stranded DNA viruses that cause an array of diseases. More than 60 types of human adenovirus have been reported so far. The discovery and division of human adenovirus types 52-67 are based on the genomic sequencing and bioinformatic analysisy and different from the pre-existing 51 serotypes identified by traditional serological methods in composition and pathogenicity. The majority of new types of human adenovirus are homologous recombination within the same subgenus, and as a result, certain new serotypes acquire different pathogenicity. Recombination is a common evolutionary way for human adenovirus, however, the mechanism of recombination and potenital danger to human remain unknown. As new types of human adenovirus have been receiving increasing attention, in this review, the latest progress in new types of human adenovirus is summarized.
Adenovirus Infections, Human ; virology ; Adenoviruses, Human ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny

OBJECTIVETo investigate the nonbacterial pathogens in children with acute respiratory infection (ARI) in Nanjing.

METHODSThe presence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) was determined by quantitative PCR in the nasopharyngeal samples from 1 592 hospitalized children with ARI. Common respiratory viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus (ADV), influenza virus types A and B (IVA and IVB), parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, 3(PIV-1, 2, 3) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV), were detected using direct immunofluorescence assay.

RESULTSMP and CT were detected in 25.7% and 2.4% of the 1 592 samples respectively. The overall positive rate of respiratory viruses was 40.9%. Among the viruses, the top detected virus was RSV (61.3%), followed by PIV-3 (6.7%) and hMPV (4.9%). Mixed infection among MP, CT and viruses was observed in 107 cases (6.7%). The infants under 1 year old were susceptible to mix-infection (68/107, 63.6%).

CONCLUSIONSRespiratory virus is the main pathogen responsible for ARI in children from Nanjing. RSV is the most commonly identified virus. MP is also the frequently identified pathogen for ARI in children. Mixed infection is common in infants under 1 year old.

Adenoviruses, Human ; isolation & purification ; Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Chlamydia trachomatis ; isolation & purification ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Metapneumovirus ; isolation & purification ; Mycoplasma pneumoniae ; isolation & purification ; Orthomyxoviridae ; isolation & purification ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human ; isolation & purification ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; microbiology ; virology

Adenovirus (ADV) is one of the most common causes of acute respiratory infections for infants and children. The objective of this study was to understand the prevalence of ADV in acute respiratory infections in infants and children in Beijing and the types of the circulating ADVs. Clinical specimens were collected from patients with acute respiratory infections in a consecutive period of 10 years from Jan 2003 to Dec 2012. ADVs were detected from the collected clinical specimens by tissue culture and/or immunofluorescence assay and typed by nested-PCR based on the sequence of hexon gene for ADV types 3 and 7. For those strains which could not be typed by the nest-PCR, the gene fragment was amplified by a universal primer pair for all ADV types from group A to F and the PCR products were sequenced directly and analyzed with sequence comparison. Out of 39214 clinical specimens collected, including 7198 throat swabs from outpatients and 32016 nasopharyngeal aspirates from hospitalized patients, 884 were ADV positive by tissue culture and/or immunofluorescence assay, the overall positive rate was 2.25% (884/39214). The positive rate of ADV from the hospitalized was 2.08% (665/32016), while from the outpatients was 3.04% (219/7198). The ADV positive rate for year 2010 was 3.69%, which was the highest among the 10 years. The types of the ADVs were tested for 848 out of the 884 patients by using the nest-PCR and sequence analysis. It was showed that AD3 was the most prevalent with the rate of 53.18% (451/848), followed by AD7 36.79% (312/848), AD2 3.78% (32/848), AD55 2.24% (19/848), AD1 2.0% (17/848), AD5 0.94% (8/848), AD14 0.47% (4/848), AD6 0.35% (3/848) and AD4 0.24% (2/848). AD3 was the most predominant in most of the years among these 10 years, except 2012, 2003 and 2007. AD7 was the most predominant in 2012, and AD3 and AD7 were co-circulated in 2003 and 2007. Among 26 ADV infected severe pneumonia cases with pulmonary failure, 23 (88.5%) were AD7 positive, while 12 ADV associated tonsillitis, 11 (91.7%) were AD 3. The ADV positive rates from age groups 0-3 years were higher than age groups older than 4 years. The ratio for ADV positive males to females was 1.9 to 1. Adenovirus is still an important pathogen of acute respiratory infection in infants and young children. Most of the ADV associated acute respiratory infections in children in Beijing from 2003 to 2012 were AD3 and AD7. Most of the severe lower respiratory infections were associated with AD7. AD55 generated by recombination of AD11 and AD14 emerged in 2006.
Adenovirus Infections, Human ; epidemiology ; virology ; Adenoviruses, Human ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; epidemiology ; virology

OBJECTIVETo study the viral etiology of acute respiratory infection (ARI)in children from Wenzhou, Zhejiang between 2007 and 2008.

METHODSThe nasopharyngeal aspirate samples were obtained from 5 097 hospitalized children with ARI. Seven common respiratory viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus A and B, parainfluenza viruses 1, 2 and 3 and adenovirus, were detected using direct immunofluorescence.

RESULTSViral agents were identified in 2 209 cases (43.3%).Of the 2 209, RSV was the most frequent (78.1%), followed by parainfluenza 3 (12.4%), influenza virus A (3.0%), adenovirus (2.8%), parainfluenza 1 (1.7%), influenza B (0.5%) and parainfluenza 2 (0.3%). The infants at ages of <3 months and <6 months had higher detection rate of viruses (53.6% and 49.2%, respectively). A highest detection rate of viruses was found in winter.

CONCLUSIONSRSV is the leading pathogen of ARI in children from Wenzhou, Zhejiang between 2007 and 2008. The children at age of less than 6 months are susceptible to respiratory viruses. The viral activity peaks in winter.

Acute Disease ; Adenoviruses, Human ; isolation & purification ; Adolescent ; Age Factors ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Nasopharynx ; virology ; Orthomyxoviridae ; isolation & purification ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human ; isolation & purification ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; virology ; Seasons ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVETo investigate the etiological characteristics of human rotavirus (HRV), human calicivirus (HuCV), human astrovirus (HAstV) and human enteral adenovirus (HAdV) in Ningxia province during 2011.

METHODSStool specimen was collected from acute diarrhea case of Ningxia during 2011. HRV was detected by ELISA and serotype/genotype identified on those RT-PCR positive specimens. HuCV, HAstV and HAdV were detected by RT-PCR.

RESULTSIn this study, a total of 690 specimens were detected, with the infection rates of HRV, HuCV, HAstV and HAdV as 2.17%, 21.74%, 3.19% and 6.52%, respectively. Co-infections were found in 4.20% of all the samples being tested. Among 15 HRV positive cases, serotypes G1, G3 and P[4] were the most predominant strains.

CONCLUSIONChildren who were under 2 years of age were the majority among patients infected by diarrhea viruses while HuCV was recognized as the main pathogen responsible for the viral diarrhea cases in Ningxia, 2011.

Adenoviruses, Human ; isolation & purification ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Caliciviridae ; isolation & purification ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Diarrhea ; virology ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Mamastrovirus ; isolation & purification ; Middle Aged ; Rotavirus ; isolation & purification ; Young Adult

By analyzing the epidemiological and clinical features of adenovirus in children with acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI), we provide a theoretical basis for early clinical diagnosis and treatment. Nasopharyngeal secretions were collected from 3480 children with ARTI, who were hospitalized at the No. 2 Hospital of Changzhou from January 2011 to December 2012. Adenovirus were detected using direct immunofluorescence assays. A total of 80 samples were positive for adenovirus (2.30%). The rate of adenovirus infection during 2011 was significantly higher than that in 2012, and the infection rate was higher in summer and autumn than in winter and spring. The infection rate was 1.14% among children aged < 1-year-old and the rates were higher among children in other age ranges. Adenovirus was found to be an important ARTI pathogen in children in Changzhou, mainly affecting children older than 1 year. ADV infections have various clinical presentations, but affected children tend to be severely ill with poor outcomes.
Acute Disease ; epidemiology ; therapy ; Adenovirus Infections, Human ; epidemiology ; therapy ; virology ; Adenoviruses, Human ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Female ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; epidemiology ; therapy ; virology ; Seasons

OBJECTIVETo study the role of pathogenic microorganisms commonly associated with chronic eye disease, including Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and type 2, and adenovirus type 8 and type 19, in the development of primary ocular adnexal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma in Chinese patients.

METHODSSixty-eight archival cases of primary ocular adnexal lymphoproliferative lesions, including 38 cases of MALT lymphoma, 3 cases of non-MALT lymphoma and 27 cases of chronic inflammation, were enrolled into the study. DNA was extracted from the paraffin-embedded tissue samples. The presence of DNA of C. psittaci, C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, HSV type 1, HSV type 2, adenovirus type 8 and adenovirus type 19 were analyzed by multiplex touchdown enzyme time-release polymerase chain reaction (TETR-PCR).

RESULTSAll of the specimens yielded PCR products of over 100 base pairs and were thus suitable for TETR-PCR screening of infectious agents. The prevalence of DNA of C. psittaci, C. trachomatis and adenovirus type 19 were 0 in MALT lymphoma, non-MALT lymphoma and chronic inflammation. There were 2 cases positive for C. pneumoniae DNA, amongst the 38 cases of MALT lymphoma studied (5.3%, 2/38). HSV type 1, HSV type 2 and adenovirus type 8 DNA was found in each of the 3 patients with chronic inflammation.

CONCLUSIONThe study indicates that C. psittaci, C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, HSV type 1, HSV type 2, adenovirus type 8 and adenovirus type 19 probably play little role in the pathogenesis of ocular adnexal MALT lymphoma in Chinese patients.

Adenovirus Infections, Human ; virology ; Adenoviruses, Human ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Chlamydia Infections ; microbiology ; Chlamydia trachomatis ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Chlamydophila Infections ; microbiology ; Chlamydophila pneumoniae ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Chlamydophila psittaci ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; DNA, Bacterial ; analysis ; DNA, Viral ; analysis ; Eye Infections ; microbiology ; virology ; Eye Neoplasms ; microbiology ; virology ; Herpes Simplex ; virology ; Herpesvirus 1, Human ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Herpesvirus 2, Human ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone ; microbiology ; virology ; Psittacosis ; microbiology

Adenovirus Infections, Human ; epidemiology ; virology ; Adenoviruses, Human ; isolation & purification ; Caliciviridae Infections ; epidemiology ; virology ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Diarrhea ; epidemiology ; virology ; Diarrhea, Infantile ; epidemiology ; virology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Feces ; virology ; Female ; Gastroenteritis ; epidemiology ; virology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Male ; Norwalk virus ; isolation & purification ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rotavirus ; isolation & purification ; Rotavirus Infections ; epidemiology ; virology

OBJECTIVETo establish a rapid and reliable loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for detecting adenoviruses (ADV)in respiratory samples collected from children with acute respiratory infections.

METHODAccording to the sequences of hexon genes of common adenovirus serotypes (Ad3, Ad7, and Ad14) downloaded from GenBank, primers were designed and LAMP method for detecting adenovirus DNA was developed. Sensitivity of the LAMP method was evaluated by using constructed recombinant plasmid DNA with gene fragment from hexon of ADV3, and specificity was tested through cross-reaction with other viruses. Then 11 ADV strains isolated from clinical specimens using tissue cultures were tested by LAMP method. A total of 108 nasopharyngeal aspirates from hospitalized patients with acute respiratory infections which had been tested by direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA), including 36 for ADV positive and 72 for ADV negative, were tested by both LAMP method and multiplex nested PCR.

RESULTAnalysis for sensitivity indicated that this LAMP method can detect 1.9×10(2)copies/ml of DNA, and no amplification was shown in DNA or cDNA of other viruses, which revealed that the specificity of the LAMP method is high. For 108 specimens which had been tested by DFA, 34 out of the 36 ADV positive specimens showed positive signal within 90 minutes using LAMP. Five out of 72 negative specimens by DFA were positive using LAMP; 39 out of the 41 ADV positive specimens by multiplex nested PCR showed positive signal using LAMP, including 19 for Ad3 and 20 for Ad7; 67 negative specimens confirmed by multiplex nested PCR showed negative signal using LAMP. The total consistency rate of DFA and LAMP method for detecting ADV was 93.5%, and the total coincidence rate of multiplex nested PCR and LAMP method for detecting ADV was 98.1%.

CONCLUSIONA new, sensitive, accurate and rapid method for detecting human adenovirus from nasopharyngeal aspirates by LAMP was developed, which should be a potential method for rapid detection of ADV from respiratory tract of children in clinical diagnosis of ADV infection.

Acute Disease ; Adenoviridae Infections ; diagnosis ; virology ; Adenoviruses, Human ; classification ; isolation & purification ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; DNA Primers ; DNA, Viral ; isolation & purification ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct ; Humans ; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques ; methods ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques ; methods ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reproducibility of Results ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; diagnosis ; virology ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sequence Analysis, DNA