The damage of sweat glands in patients with extensive deep burns results in the loss of thermoregulation, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. At present, there are many researches on the repair of sweat gland function, but the mechanism of human sweat gland development has not been fully clarified. More and more studies have shown that the cascaded pathways of Wnt/β-catenin, ecto- dysplasin A/ectodysplasin A receptor/nuclear factor-κB, sonic hedgehog, and forkhead box transcription factor jointly affect the development of sweat glands, and it has been reported that the cascaded signaling pathways can be used to achieve the reconstruction of sweat adenoid cells in vitro. This article reviews the signaling pathways that affect the development of sweat glands and their involvement in the reconstruction of sweat adenoid cells in vitro.
Adenoids/metabolism* ; Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism* ; Humans ; Quality of Life ; Signal Transduction ; Sweat/metabolism* ; Sweat Glands/physiology*

Adenoid hypertrophy is a disease that mostly occurs among children of 3-5 years old. It is caused by repeated inflammation and infection of nasopharynx and its adjoin parts, or the adenoid itself, which will finally leads to pathological hyperplasia of adenoid. With so much information we have acquired about this disease, its specific mechanism remains unknown. In recent years, some researches have indicated that adenoid hypertrophy may have something to do with extra-gastroesophageal reflux, in which pepsin plays a very important role, and pepsin will do a series of pathological damages to the upper airway as it reaches the upper respiratory tract. Based on relative domestic and foreign literature, this paper attempts to make a review about the relationship between gastroesophageal reflux and adenoid hypertrophy.
Adenoids ; pathology ; Child ; Gastroesophageal Reflux ; complications ; Humans ; Hypertrophy ; complications ; Nasopharynx ; pathology ; Pepsin A ; metabolism

OBJECTIVEThe expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in children is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the GR-alpha and GR-beta status in the adenoidal tissues in children with OSAHS.

METHODSThirty-four pediatric patients (aged 3-14 years, median 7.8 years) had sleep study with polysomnography before adenoidectomy. According to the criteria of apnea hypopnea index (AHI) > or = 5 /h or/and apnea index (AI) > or = 1/h, they were divided into OSAHS and non-OSAHS sub groups. The study was based on fluorescent quantitative PCR (FQ-RT-PCR) for the mRNA expression of GR-alpha and GR-beta in the adenoidal tissues in children.

RESULTSGR isoforms mRNA encoding for expression of both GR-alpha and GR-beta were detected in the adenoids of all children. GR-alpha mRNA level [(9.40 +/- 3.06) x 10(5) cDNA copies/microg total RNA] in the adenoidal tissues in OSAHS was lower than those in the non-OSAHS [(1.60 +/- 0.26) x 10(6) cDNA copies/microg total RNA] (F = 40.285, P < 0.001), whereas no differences found for GR-beta [(1.57 +/- 0.35) x 10(4) cDNA copies/microg total RNA, (1.52 +/- 0.18) x 10(4) cDNA copies/microg total RNA]. GR-alpha/GR-beta ratio was 62.3 +/- 20. 3 in OSAHS and 107.4 +/- 24.4 in non-OSAHS. AHI or AI was not related to the mRNA levels of GR-alpha and GR-beta in OSAHS or non-OSAHS.

CONCLUSIONSGR-alpha and GR-beta were detectable in the adenoidal tissues in children. These data indicated that the relationship between the expressions of GR and the clinical significance in OSAHS need further and profound investigation.

Adenoids ; metabolism ; Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Receptors, Glucocorticoid ; metabolism ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; metabolism

BACKGROUNDAdenoid hypertrophy (AH) is associated with pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis (pCRS), but its role in the inflammatory process of pCRS is unclear. It is thought that innate immunity gene expression is disrupted in the epithelium of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), including antimicrobial peptides and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The aim of this preliminary study was to detect the expression of innate immunity genes in epithelial cells of hypertrophic adenoids with and without pCRS to better understand their role in pCRS.

METHODSNine pCRS patients and nine simple AH patients undergoing adenoidectomy were recruited for the study. Adenoidal epithelium was isolated, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was employed to measure relative expression levels of the following messenger RNAs in hypertrophic adenoid epithelial cells of pediatric patients with and without CRS: Human β-defensin (HBD) 2 and 3, surfactant protein (SP)-A and D, toll-like receptors 1-10, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors NOD 1, NOD 2, and NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3, retinoic acid-induced gene 1, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). RT-qPCR data from two groups were analyzed by independent sample t-tests and Mann-Whitney U-tests.

RESULTSThe relative expression of SP-D in adenoidal epithelium of pCRS group was significantly lower than that in AH group (pCRS 0.73 ± 0.10 vs. AH 1.21 ± 0.15; P = 0.0173, t = 2.654). The relative expression levels of all tested PRRs and NF-κB, as well as HBD-2, HBD-3, and SP-A, showed no statistically significant differences in isolated adenoidal epithelium between pCRS group and AH group.

CONCLUSIONSDown-regulated SP-D levels in adenoidal epithelium may contribute to the development of pCRS. PRRs, however, are unlikely to play a significant role in the inflammatory process of pCRS.

Adenoids ; cytology ; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides ; metabolism ; Child ; Epithelial Cells ; metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; genetics ; physiology ; Male ; Receptors, Pattern Recognition ; metabolism ; Sinusitis ; metabolism ; Toll-Like Receptors ; metabolism

OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of IgE in recur repeatedly children otitis media with effusion (OME), and the relativity of IgE between adenoid and middle ear effusion. METHOD: Thirty-five cases diagnosed of OME in our department, were enrolled in the research. Thirty-one adenoidal hypertrophy cases were selected as control group. Obtained middle ear effusion and adenoid samples from experimental group, and obtained adenoid samples from control group. All adenoid samples were taken for tissue homogenate. Determination all samples of concentration of IgE by ELISA. SPSS 18.0 statistical software was used for all relevant data processing and analysis. RESULT: Compared the IgE content between experimental group and control group with adenoid samples, IgE content increased significantly in experimental group (P < 0.05), and IgE in experimental group of middle ear effusion samples were also increased (P < 0.05). The content of IgE in the experimental group of middle ear effusion and adenoid assumed straight-line correlation, in negative correlation (r = 0.580, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The occurrence of OME is related to immune factors. Adenoidal hypertrophy may lead to local immunity enhancement, may cause middle ear cavity immune system abnormality, give rise to recur repeatedly with OME and procrastinate does not recover.
Adenoids ; immunology ; metabolism ; Adolescent ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Ear, Middle ; immunology ; metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; metabolism ; Male ; Otitis Media with Effusion ; immunology ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo examine the expression of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 (CysLTR-1) and cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-2 (CysLTR-2) in the adenoid tissues from children with adenoid hypertrophy (AH) and to explore the role of leukotrienes in the pathogenesis of AH.

METHODSSixty children with AH who were treated by adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy were classified into two groups: simple AH and AH plus allergic rhinitis (n=30 each). Twenty children who underwent tonsillectomy due to recurrent purulent tonsillitis were selected as the control group. The expression of CysLTR-1 and CysLTR-2 in the excised tonsil and/or adenoid tissues was determined by immunofluorescence histochemical labeling and integrated optical density measurement.

RESULTSThe expression of CysLTR-1 and CysLTR-2 in the adenoid and tonsil tissues increased significantly in both the simple AH group and AH plus allergic rhinitis group compared with the control group (P<0.01). The expression of CysLTR-1 and CysLTR-2 in the AH plus allergic rhinitis group increased more significantly compared with the simple AH group (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONSCysLTR-1 and CysLTR-2 are highly expressed in the adenoid tissues from children with AH, suggesting that leukotrienes are involved in the pathogenesis of AH.

Adenoids ; chemistry ; pathology ; Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Humans ; Hypertrophy ; Male ; Receptors, Leukotriene ; analysis ; physiology ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; metabolism

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between immune status of adenoids and secretory otitis media (SOM). METHOD: The adenoid tissue samples of 72 cases with SOM and 30 cases with adenoid hypertrophy without SOM were studied by immunohistochemical method. RESULT: The PCNA, BCL-2, CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+ / CD8+ in SOM tissue samples were 30.85 +/- 1.73, 21.27 +/- 1.25, 41.90 +/- 9.07, 20.45 +/- 7.08 and 2.10 +/- 0.17, respectively, which were much more than that of tissue samples without SOM (25.25 +/- 1.75, 14.05 +/- 1.02, 16.30 +/- 8.21, 11.15 +/- 5.71, 1.39 +/- 0.15 respectively) (P < 0.01). The expression of CD4+ in T-lymphocyte was obviously higher than that of CD8+. CONCLUSION In adenoid tissues of SOM patients, the activity of T-lymphocyte subsets are increased,the adenoids are enlarged and local immunity are enhanced. Therefore,adenoidectomy should be applied in SOM patients as early as possible.
Adenoids ; immunology ; metabolism ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; immunology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; immunology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Otitis Media with Effusion ; immunology ; metabolism ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen ; metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; metabolism

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between the immune status of adenoids and secretory otitis media (SOM). METHOD: The adenoids tissue samples of 30 cases of recurrent secretory otitis media (SOM), 17 cases of non-recurrent secretory otitis media and 20 cases of the adenoids hypertrophy without SOM were studied by immunohistochemical method. RESULT: The expression of PCNA, BCL-2, CD4+, CD8+ cells and CD4+/CD8+ in recurrent SOM tissue were 30.85 +/- 1.73, 21.27 +/- 1.25, 41.90 +/- 9.07; 20.45 +/- 7.08 and 2.10 +/- 0.17, respectively, which was remarkably higher than those of non-recurrent SOM, (25.50 +/- 1.66, 14.23 +/- 1.06, 17.40 +/- 6.85, 13.02 +/- 5.88, 1.33 +/- 0.11, respectively) and those of simple adenoid hypertrophy (25.25 +/- 1.75, 14.05 +/- 1.02, 16.30 +/- 8.21, 11.15 +/- 5.71 and 1.39 +/- 0.15, respectively) (P < 0.01); the difference of the expression of PCNA, BCL-2, CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+/CD8+ between the latter two groups was not significant. Differences of the gender or the size were not significant (P > 0.05). In group of simple adenoid hypertrophy, PCNA in the subgroup of the age 3 to 6 was significantly higher than those in the other groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In adenoid tissues of recurrent SOM patients, the activities of T-lymphocyte subsets cells in hypertrophic status increase, the adenoids enlarge and local immunity enhances. The age and gender have nothing to do with the SOM, but low age is one of the influencing factors of adenoid hypertrophy. Therefore, adenoidectomy for recurrent SOM patients with adenoid hypertrophy should be carried out as early as possible.
Adenoids ; immunology ; metabolism ; pathology ; Adolescent ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; immunology ; metabolism ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Hypertrophy ; immunology ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Otitis Media with Effusion ; immunology ; metabolism ; pathology

PURPOSE: Deterioration of local immunity in the adenoids may make them vulnerable to infection by microorganisms, resulting in otitis media with effusion. To determine the factors associated with this condition, we evaluated adenoid size, mucosal barrier, squamous changes of ciliated epithelium, IgA secretion, and BCL-6 expression in adenoids. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventeen children diagnosed with otitis media with effusion (OME group) and 20 children without any history of OME (control group) were enrolled. Their adenoids were sized by lateral view X-ray and stained with hematoxylin and eosin to detect squamous metaplasia. The adenoids were also stained with cytokeratin to evaluate mucosal barriers, and with anti- IgA antibody and anti- BCL-6 antibody to determine expression of IgA and BCL-6. RESULTS: The OME group showed greater incidence of squamous metaplasia, fewer ciliated cells, and lower expression of BCL-6 (p < 0.05 each). Deterioration of the mucosal barrier was detected in the OME group (p > 0.05). IgA secretion and adenoid size were the same for the OME and the control groups. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that increased squamous metaplasia and lower BCL-6 expression in adenoids may be associated with increased susceptibility to OME.
Adenoids/chemistry/*pathology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A/analysis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Keratins/analysis ; Male ; Metaplasia ; Mucous Membrane/chemistry/pathology ; Otitis Media with Effusion/metabolism/*pathology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-6/*analysis