In therapy of chronic hepatitis B, there are new and exciting developments in antivirals such as nucleotide analogues. Adefovir dipivoxil is an oral prodrug of adefovir, a nucleotide analogue of adenosine monophosphate. This agent has a potent in vitro and in vivo effect against herpes virus, retroviruses, and hepadnaviruses. In the hepatitis B virus (HBV) setting, adefovir dipivoxil inhibits both the wild type and lamivudine-resistant HBV strains. The safety profile of adefovir dipivoxil 10 mg is excellent, but higher doses can produce renal tubular damage, particularly when the drug is used for prolonged therapy. Adefovir dipivoxil is an important new addition to the current first-line treatments for HBeAg positive and negative chronic hepatitis B, as well as being rescue therapy for lamivudine-resistant HBV strains. It is also licensed for use in adults with decompensated liver disease, as well as compensated liver disease where there is evidence of active viral replication, persistently elevated serum alanine aminotransferase levels and active liver inflammation and fibrosis. However, a longer follow-up is needed to establish the long term safety and efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil in patients with chronic HBV infection.
Adenine/adverse effects/*analogs & derivatives/*therapeutic use ; Antiviral Agents/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Hepatitis B, Chronic/*drug therapy ; Humans ; Liver Diseases/drug therapy ; *Phosphonic Acids

Adenine ; adverse effects ; analogs & derivatives ; therapeutic use ; Adult ; Female ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Organophosphonates ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Paternal Exposure ; Pregnancy

Adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) is an acyclic nucleotide phosphate analogue, currently used for anti-HBV therapy. A few cases of hypophosphatemia related to ADV were reviewed. We report two cases of chronic hepatitis B patients with the chief complaints of chest pain due to hypophosphatemia associated with ADV treatment.
Adenine ; adverse effects ; analogs & derivatives ; Chest Pain ; chemically induced ; Female ; Humans ; Hypophosphatemia ; chemically induced ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Organophosphonates ; adverse effects ; Young Adult

Adenine ; adverse effects ; analogs & derivatives ; Fanconi Syndrome ; chemically induced ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Hypophosphatemia ; chemically induced ; Organophosphonates ; adverse effects ; Osteomalacia ; chemically induced

BACKGROUNDTo assess the safety and tolerance of adefovir dipivoxil tablet in Chinese healthy volunteers.

METHODSTotally 42 healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study, 21 were female and 21 were male and their age ranged from 19 to 26 years. The subjects were randomly divided into 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60 mg dose-groups (6-10 subjects in each group) based on sex and weight, beginning with the 5 mg dose-group. Clinical symptoms, vital signs, electrocardiogram, routine blood test, routine urine test, prothrombin time and blood biochemical tests were recorded and evaluated.

RESULTSNo significant changes were found in clinical symptoms, vital signs and laboratory tests after dosing, except slight elevations of alanine aminotransferase in 2 subjects and bilirubin in 6 subjects observed and some gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and diarrhea found in 3 subjects, but the frequency and severity of all the adverse reactions were not found to be related to the dosages.

CONCLUSIONThe results showed that single oral dose of adefovir dipivoxil 60 mg or less was safe and tolerable.

Adenine ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; analogs & derivatives ; Administration, Oral ; Adult ; Antiviral Agents ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; Diarrhea ; chemically induced ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Nausea ; chemically induced ; Organophosphonates ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; Tablets ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo investigate the efficacy of anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) drugs for preventing vertical transmission of HBV and the safety of these drugs when given as treatment during pregnancy (to women) or insemination (to men).

METHODSCases of women and men who had taken anti-HBV drug therapy during pregnancy or insemination, respectively, were retrospectively selected for study from among 18 hospitals and 33 specialists in the Guangdong Province. Demographic, HBV infection and treatment data was collected for puerperal men or women and their newborns from the medical records.

RESULTSA total of 122 cases with detailed follow-up data were included in the study and including 74 women who were administered lamivudine (LAM) more than telbivudine (LdT) more than adefovir (ADV)more than entecavir (ETV) (hierarchy ranking by number of cases) and 48 men who were administered LAM more than ADV more than LdT more than ETV.None of the 122 newborns related to these cases showed HBV infection at 7 months of follow-up.None of the 74 puerperal women showed complications related to reproduction.There was one ease of a newborn being underweight at birth (2.1 kg), for which the mother had taken LdT during pregnancy. There was also one case of a newborn with a harelip and one case of a newborn with an inguinal hernia, for which both of the fathers had taken ADV during the time of insemination.

CONCLUSIONThis retrospective investigation carried out in Guangdong Province indicated that not only are anti-HBV drugs efficacious for blocking vertical transmission of HBV but also are safe for both mothers and infants when taken by fathers or mothers during the reproduction phases of insemination and pregnancy.

Adenine ; analogs & derivatives ; Antiviral Agents ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Guanine ; analogs & derivatives ; Hepatitis B ; drug therapy ; Hepatitis B virus ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; Lamivudine ; Male ; Mothers ; Organophosphonates ; Pregnancy ; Retrospective Studies ; Thymidine ; analogs & derivatives ; Time Factors

Currently available monotherapies of oral nucleoside/nucleotide analogs or interferon are unable to achieve a sustained and effective response in most of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). The objective of the present study was to compare the efficacy and safety of pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN) alpha-2b plus adefovir dipivoxil combination therapy versus Peg-IFN alpha-2b alone. Sixty-one HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients were randomized to receive Peg-IFN alpha-2b alone (1.5 μg/kg once weekly) or Peg-IFN alpha-2b plus adefovir (10 mg daily) for up to 52 weeks. Efficacy and safety analyses were performed on all participants who received at least one dose of study medication. The rate of HBeAg seroconversion and undetectable HBV-DNA were evaluated after 52 weeks of therapy. At the end of treatment, 11 of 30 (36.7%) patients receiving combination therapy achieved HBeAg seroconversion versus 8 of 31 (25.8%) in the monotherapy group (P=0.36). In contrast, the percentage of patients with undetectable serum HBV DNA was significantly higher in the combination group than in the monotherapy group (76.7% vs. 29.0%, P<0.001). Thyroid dysfunction was more frequent in the combination group than in the monotherapy group (P<0.05). In HBeAg-positive CHB, combination of Peg-IFN alpha-2b and adefovir for 52 weeks resulted, at the end of treatment, in a higher virological response but without significant impact on the rate of HBeAg seroconversion and possibly an adverse effect on thyroid function.
Adenine ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; analogs & derivatives ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Antiviral Agents ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Female ; Hepatitis B e Antigens ; blood ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; blood ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Interferon-alpha ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; Male ; Organophosphonates ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; Polyethylene Glycols ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; Prospective Studies ; Recombinant Proteins ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects

Primary hepatic neuroendocrine cell carcinoma is a very rare tumor. We experienced a 75-year-old woman with primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma presenting with pyogenic liver abscess. Abdominal CT scan revealed a multiseptated liver abscess and an enlarged lymph node in portocaval portion. We performed percutaneous drainage of the liver abscess, but the amount of drained pus did not decrease after 20 days. The follow-up abdominal CT scan showed that the cystic portion of liver abscess had been replaced by the solid tumor. Microscopic examination of the tumor tissue showed nests of epithelial cells with uniform round hyperchromatic nuclei and high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. Immunohistochemical staining was strongly positive for synaptophysin and chromogranin A.
Adenine/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Antiviral Agents/*adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Drug Eruptions/diagnosis/*pathology ; Female ; Hepatitis B, Chronic/*drug therapy ; Humans ; Ichthyosis/chemically induced/pathology ; Lamivudine/*adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Middle Aged ; Phosphonic Acids/therapeutic use

OBJECTIVETo investigate 3-year antiviral efficacy and side effect of adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) on the old patients with hepatitis B chronic infection.

METHODS31 HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B virus infected old patients (include 8 patients with chronic hepatitis B and 23 patients with liver cirrhosis) with serum HBV DNA levels > 1000 copies/ml, and ALT > 2 times the upper limit of normal, without company with other liver diseases, cancer, renal dysfunction, and autoimmune disease. All the patients were treated with ADV orally (10 mg once daily) for 36 months. HBV DNA and biochemical and blood routine indexes were checked after treated.

RESULTSerum total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, alamine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and load of HBV DNA decrease significantly after therapy (P < 0. 001). Other biochemical indexs and blood routine are no significant changes (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe way to treat with ADV is safe and effective for old patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection.

Adenine ; adverse effects ; analogs & derivatives ; therapeutic use ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antiviral Agents ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; virology ; Humans ; Male ; Organophosphonates ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Time Factors

Adenine ; adverse effects ; analogs & derivatives ; therapeutic use ; Adult ; Female ; Hepatitis B virus ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Organophosphonates ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Trimesters