Objective: To explore the effect and mechanism of activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) Toll-like receptor (TLR3) signaling pathway in recombinant HBsAg (rHBsAg) immune response. Methods: White blood cells were collected from peripheral blood of 13 healthy donors in the preparation of blood products. PBMC was isolated and treated with Poly I:C (Poly I:C group) and PBS (control group) respectively. 48 h later, some cells were collected and the expressions of TLR3 signaling pathway proteins were detected by flow cytometry. After activating (Poly I:C group)/inactivating (control group) TLR3 signaling pathway, rHBsAg was given to both groups for 72 h, and the proportions of DC, T, B cells and their subsets in PBMC were detected by flow cytometry. Paired t-test, paired samples wilcoxon signed-rank test and canonical correlation analyses were used for statistical analysis. Results: The percentage of TLR3 protein-positive cells (19.21%) and protein expression (8 983.95), NF-κB protein expression (26 193.13), the percentage of pNF-κB protein-positive cells (13.73%) and its proportion in NF-κB (16.03%), and the percentage of pIRF3 protein-positive cells (12.64%) and its proportion in IRF3 (21.80%) in Poly I:C group were higher than those in control group (11.54%, 8 086.00, 22 340.66, 8.72%, 9.71%, 9.57%, 19.12%) (P<0.05), and the percentage of TRIF protein-positive cells (89.75%) and protein expression (304 219.54) were higher in Poly I:C group than in the control group (89.64%, 288 149.72) (P>0.05). After PBMC stimulation by rHBsAg, the proportions of mDC (2.90%), pDC (1.80%), B cell (5.31%) and plasma cell (67.71%) in Poly I:C group were significantly higher than those in the control group (1.83%, 0.81%, 4.23%, 58.82%) (P<0.05). Results of canonical correlation analysis showed that the expression of TLR3 protein was positively correlated with the proportions of plasma cells, the expression of pIRF3 protein was positively correlated with the proportions of plasma cells and mDC, and the percentage of pNF-κB protein-positive cells and the percentage of pIRF3 protein-positive cells were positively correlated with the proportion of CD4⁺T cells. Conclusions: Poly I:C can activate TLR3/TRIF/NF-κB and TLR3/TRIF/IRF3 signaling pathway, promote the function of downstream signaling molecules, and then promote the maturation of DC, induce the immune responses of CD4⁺T cell, and promote the maturation and activation of B cells and the immune response of rHBsAg.
Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/pharmacology* ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; Humans ; Immunity ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism* ; NF-kappa B ; Poly I-C/pharmacology* ; Signal Transduction ; Toll-Like Receptor 3/metabolism* ; Toll-Like Receptors

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of neonatal isolation stress on hyperlocomotion in complexin II knockout mouse (Cplx2(-/-)). The mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: Cplx2(-/-) with stress, Cplx2(+/+) with stress, Cplx2(-/-) without stress and Cplx2(+/+) without stress. Isolation stress was employed on the pups of stress groups from the 2nd day after the postnatal to the 21st day. The PCR was used to determine the gene type and the hyperlocomotion test was employed to detect the change of animal behavior after methamphetamine or saline injection (i.p.). The results showed that the animals of all groups increased their movement after injection of 0.2 mg/kg methamphetamine in different levels (P < 0.01), compared with those injected with saline. The Cplx2(-/-) mouse with stress revealed a significant increase in the distance of free movement after injection of 0.2 mg/kg methamphetamine compared with the knockout mouse without stress (P < 0.001). When Cplx2(-/-) mouse with stress was compared with wild type with stress, Cplx2(-/-) mouse with stress had more movement (P < 0.001), indicating that Cplx2 has effect on the hyperlocomotion as well. These results suggest an involvement of stress and Cplx2 in the movement behavior of mice.
Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport ; genetics ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Behavior, Animal ; physiology ; Locomotion ; physiology ; Methamphetamine ; pharmacology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Nerve Tissue Proteins ; genetics ; Social Isolation ; Stress, Psychological ; psychology

PURPOSE: Tripartite-motif-containing protein 56 (TRIM56) has been found to exhibit a broad antiviral activity, depending upon E3 ligase activity. Here, we attempted to evaluate the function of TRIM56 in multiple myeloma (MM) and its underlying molecular basis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: TRIM56 expression at the mRNA and protein level was measured by qRT PCR and western blot analysis. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and flow cytometry analysis was performed to investigate the effect of TRIM56 on MM cell proliferation and apoptosis. The concentrations of interferon (IFN)-β, interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in MM cell culture supernatants were detected with respective commercial ELISA kits. Western blot was employed to determine the effect of TRIM56 on toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)/toll-IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF) signaling pathway. RESULTS: TRIM56 expression was prominently decreased in MM cells. Poly (dA:dT)-induced TRIM56 overexpression in U266 cells suppressed proliferation, induced apoptosis, and enhanced inflammatory cytokine production, while TRIM56 knockdown improved growth, diminished apoptosis, and inhibited inflammatory cytokine secretion in RPMI8226 cells. Moreover, TRIM56 knockdown blocked TLR3 signaling pathway. Furthermore, poly (I:C), a TLR3 agonist, markedly abolished TRIM56 depletion-induced increase of proliferation, decrease of apoptosis, and reduction of inflammatory factor in MM cells. CONCLUSION: TRIM56 may act as a tumor suppressor in MM through activation of TLR3/TRIF signaling pathway, contributing to a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of TRIM56 involvement in MM pathogenesis and providing a promising therapy strategy for patients with MM.
Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/metabolism ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Cytokines/secretion ; Disease Progression ; Down-Regulation/drug effects ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Humans ; Multiple Myeloma/metabolism ; Multiple Myeloma/pathology ; Poly I-C/pharmacology ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Toll-Like Receptor 3/metabolism ; Tripartite Motif Proteins/deficiency ; Tripartite Motif Proteins/metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/deficiency ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a key negative regulator of immune responses and has been implicated in tumor tolerance, autoimmune disease and asthma. IDO was detected in the joint synovial tissue in the inflammatory microenvironment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but IDO expression in joint synovial tissue is not sufficient to overcome the inflamed synovial environment. This study aimed to unravel the mechanisms involving the failure to activate tolerogenic IDO in the inflamed joint. We demonstrate that both poly (I:C) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induce expression of IDO in synovial fibroblasts. However, inflammatory cytokines such as IL-17, TNF-alpha, IL-12, IL-23 and IL-16 did not induce IDO expression. Poly (I:C) appeared to induce higher IDO expression than did LPS. Surprisingly, toll-like receptor (TLR)4-mediated IDO expression was upregulated after depletion of myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88) in synovial fibroblasts using small interfering RNA (siRNA). IDO, TLR3 and TLR4 were highly expressed in synovial tissue of RA patients compared with that of osteoarthritis patients. In addition, RA patients with severe disease activity had higher levels of expression of IDO, TLR3 and TLR4 in the synovium than patients with mild disease activity. These data suggest that upregulation of IDO expression in synovial fibroblasts involves TLR3 and TLR4 activation by microbial constituents. We showed that the mechanisms responsible for IDO regulation primarily involve MyD88 signaling in synovial fibroblasts, as demonstrated by siRNA-mediated knockdown of MyD88.
Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/genetics/metabolism ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/*metabolism ; Blotting, Western ; Cells, Cultured ; Fibroblasts/drug effects/*metabolism ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics/*metabolism ; Interleukin-12/pharmacology ; Interleukin-16/pharmacology ; Interleukin-17/pharmacology ; Interleukin-23/pharmacology ; Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology ; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/genetics/*metabolism ; Poly I-C/pharmacology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Small Interfering/genetics/physiology ; Synovial Membrane/*cytology ; Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics/metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the influences of Shensu Yin to RAW 264.7 on the expression of TLR3, TLR4 and the factors of the downstream in RAW 264. 7 cells.

METHODRAW 264.7 cell line was stimulated with Lipopolysaccharide and POLY I: C, respectively, and treated with the drug serum of Shensuyin simultaneously. 24 hours later, collected the supernatant and measured the inflammatory factors TNF-alpha and IFN-beta, extracted mRNA and measured the expression of TLR3, TLR4 and other correlated indexes of the downstream, analyzed and evaluated Shensu Yin's substance basis of pharmacodynamic actions.

RESULTShensu Yin drug serum depressed the expression of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF-6, TRAM and TRIF mRNA, as a result, it decreased the amount of TNF-alpha and IFN-beta.

CONCLUSIONDepressing the expression of TLR3, MyD88, TRAM and TRIF mRNA may be the elementary basis of Shensu Yin to play heat-clearing and detoxicating effect.

Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport ; genetics ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Interferon-beta ; secretion ; Lipopolysaccharides ; pharmacology ; Macrophages ; cytology ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 ; genetics ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Poly I-C ; pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Interleukin ; genetics ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects ; Toll-Like Receptor 3 ; genetics ; Toll-Like Receptor 4 ; genetics ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; secretion

We evaluated the effectiveness of rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II)-stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) vaccination on the induction of antitumor immunity in a mouse lymphoma model using EG7-lymphoma cells expressing ovalbumin (OVA). BMDCs treated with RG-II had an activated phenotype. RG-II induced interleukin (IL)-12, IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production during dendritic cell (DC) maturation. BMDCs stimulated with RG-II facilitate the proliferation of CD8+ T cells. Using BMDCs from the mice deficient in Toll-like receptors (TLRs), we revealed that RG-II activity is dependent on TLR4. RG-II showed a preventive effect of immunization with OVA-pulsed BMDCs against EG7 lymphoma. These results suggested that RG-II expedites the DC-based immune response through the TLR4 signaling pathway.
Acute-Phase Proteins/metabolism ; Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/metabolism ; Animals ; Antigens, CD14/metabolism ; Bone Marrow Cells/cytology/drug effects ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation/drug effects ; Cell Nucleus/drug effects/metabolism ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Cytokines/biosynthesis ; Dendritic Cells/cytology/drug effects/enzymology/*immunology ; Enzyme Activation/drug effects ; Lymphocyte Activation/*drug effects ; Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/metabolism ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Neoplasms/immunology/*pathology ; Pectins/*pharmacology ; Phenotype ; Protein Transport/drug effects ; Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology/drug effects ; Toll-Like Receptor 4/*agonists/metabolism