ZHU Lian is a deceased famous acupuncture and Moxibustion specialist, the first director and the founder of institute of Acupuncture-Moxibustion of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences. This article discusses the thought and idea of education and teaching of acupuncture-moxibustion from the following three aspects: diversified education and training mode, teaching idea of new acupuncture-moxibustion with a lot of characteristics, and the founding of professional acupuncture-moxibustion college. All above have both distinct characteristics of the times and positively enlightening significance of reality.
Acupuncture ; education ; history ; Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; China ; Education, Medical ; history ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Teaching ; history

Through the collection of Practice of acupuncture and moxibustion written by CHEN Jingwen, the acupuncture master in the Republic of China, the academic characteristics on acupuncture and moxibusiton were analyzed. The literature comparison method was adopted to compare the works of LUO Zhaoju, ZENG Tianzhi and LI Wenxian, etc. at the same period. It was discovered that CHEN Jingwen was the medical master who systematicly brought up the theory of acupoint properties earlier in the modern times. Classifying drugs based on acupoints was his academic feature. Additionally, the compatibility therapy of Chinese medicine was introduced to explain the essential ideas on the acupoints combination. The treatment was determined on the basis of zangxiang theory and the reinforcing and reducing therapy of acupuncture was emphasized in the determination of treatment and prescription. CHEN Jingwen's theory of acupoint property had been stressed and spread among the medical scholars in the Republic of China and he had made the beneficial exploration for the development of modern acupuncture and moxibustion therapy.
Acupuncture ; education ; history ; Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; Books ; history ; China ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Moxibustion ; history

Mr. LIU Zhang-jie, one of the disciples of CHENG Dan-an who is considered as the initiator of the Chengjiang acupuncture school, is a famous acupuncturist in Fujian Province. With the collection and arrangement of Mr. LIU's literatures, medical records, books and interview of his student. ZHANG Yong-shu, Mr. LIU's academic characteristics are analyzed and summarized in this paper, mainly including being focused on finger power and manipulating without pain; being good at direct moxibustion to elevate yang-qi and drive out evil spirits; highlighting meridian syndrome differentiation and combined use of the four diagnostic methods; each disease has its own pathogeny, eliminating pathogen is the key; valuing the curative effect with flexible apply of acupuncture and Chinese medicine. In a word, Mr. LIU, who inherited the school's scholarism and developed it into next level, is one of Chengjiang acupuncture school's representative figures.
Acupuncture ; education ; history ; Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; methods ; China ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Moxibustion ; history ; Schools ; history

The academic contribution of HUA Tuo to acupuncture, such as HUA Tuo Jiaji points, the drawing of viscera and channels, "diagnosis by observing the eyes", focusing on the clinical application of moxibustion, being the first to treat headache with Geshu (BL 17), selecting essential acupoints and paying attention to spirit management, etc. were summarized in this paper. It was believed that HUA Tuo made an outstanding contribution to acupuncture, which still had important guiding significance and academic value for clinical acupuncture and research work.
Acupuncture ; history ; manpower ; Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; Books ; history ; China ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature

Professor YU Shu-zhuang is a distinguished acupuncturist in China. He has practiced the TCM acupuncture-moxibustion clinical, educational and scientific research for 60 years in his life. In clinic, he summarized the experiences "five-ming first"; in treatment, he insisted "dredging" and "regulating", protecting the function of spleen and stomach, and needles should be less but specific. In the meanwhile, he made a deep study on the function and clinical effects of specific acupoints, and used the research results of propagated sensation along channel to guide clinical treatment, forming his special academic points. Professor YU has educated a great number of acupuncture-moxibustion talents in China and foreign countries, making great contribution to the popularization of acupuncture-moxibustion in the worldwide.
Acupuncture ; education ; history ; Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; China ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century

In ancient china, four famous literatures, Huang Di Nei Jing, Nan Jing, Ben Cao, Shang Han Lun appeared, which made the foundation of oriental medicine. Huang Di Nei Jing, the book of acupuncture, is the most essential literature among these four litertures. So the question asking the identity of oriental medicine can be turned into the question about the identity of acupuncture. The investigation into origin will not be the only way to study of identity but one of the most attractive means. So we can answer with the study of origin to the question about identity. Acupuncture is comprised of theories like jing mai, qi xue and technical factors like moxibustion, bian which is like present operating knife. To trace the origin of acupuncture, we must investigate not only technical factors but also theories. But it will be impossible to trace every theories underlying the acupuncture in this small thesis. This is the reason that I restricted my attention to the principle of preventive medicine, regimen. Before the excavation of Mawangdui, the belief that acupuncture started long ago before Han period had been generally accepted. But there was not any proof proving the presence of acupuncture in the excavated literatures representing the Han period medicine. This fact announced that we must draw the time of establishment of acupuncture back after the Mawangdui literature buried in B.C. 168. But we can find the proof of the presence of acupuncture just before B.C. 168 in Shiji written by Si Mi Qian. Through these facts and inferences that we got until now, we can reach a conclusion that acupuncture would have appeared around 190-176 when Chun Yu Yi was practicing as a doctor. As you know, in the Mawangdui literature, what was associated with jing mai was moxibustion. But at the same time, moxibustion was being used just as the experience medicine technique without theory. So the moxibustion would has been about to be associated with jing mai theory in Mawangdui period. The word zhen jiu, the acupuncture and moxibustion, means there was a way to reconcile two techniques. It was by assuming bu and handing xie over to acupuncture that moxa can coexist with acupuncture. bian is used for infection treatment more than bloodletting tool in ancient china. but there is a bridge between acupuncture with bian. Acupuncture inherited its appearance from bian. It is generally believed that blood-letting is commonly developed in the classic east and west medicine. But the blood-letting could be harmonious with the old chinese belief that vitality must be retained in the body? No. The blood-letting is not generally practiced in ancient china. We can scarcely find the evidence of blood-letting in the ancient literature now in hand except Huang Di Nei Jing. Blood-Letting widened its territory in ancient chinese medicine with the help of the medical version of wuweierwubuwei principle which means 'not do anything, then everything does'. But soon lost its territory. Even in the Huang Di Nei Jing, We can find its disappearance. What is the reason? For its disharmony with chinese life idea, 'not lose essence'. Acupuncture replaced the blood-letting. It was the response of the ancient chinese healers to the regimen spirit and harmonious with chinese life view. Regimen spirit, the medical version of 'wuweierwubuwei' does not pursue cure after being ill but defense before disease. Acupuncture, meeting the demands of time, appeared in pre-han period as the association with jingmai theory which may be developed in regimen field, inheritence of moxa's esperience, and the shape of bian.
Acupuncture Therapy/*history ; Bloodletting/history ; Books/history ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional/history ; Moxibustion/*history

In the book of Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion by CHENG Dan-an, direct moxibustion with moxa cone was regarded as a classic style of moxibustion because of its innate character of heat induced thermal stimulus and burn toxin. CHENG Dan-an made the quantity of moxibustion more controllable through the selection of moxa wool, the size and number of moxa cones, and the tightness of moxa cones, etc. CHENG Dan-an 's clinical experience is summarized through treating stubborn and infectious diseases with direct moxibustion with moxa cone. The results showed that only with understanding the characteristics of moxibustion and key pathological mechanism of suitable disease could direct moxibustion with moxa cone and the appropriate methods be performed correctly. CHENG Dan-an confirmed the clinical effect of treating stubborn and intectious diseases with direct contact moxibustion with moxa cone, and optimized the specific operation scheme of direct moxibustion with moxa cone. It tell us that we should deeply study on moxibustion, to make it wide spread in the hereafter, bring benefit to mankind.
Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Moxibustion ; history ; instrumentation

Professor XIAO Ji-fang, an experienced practitioner of Chinese medicine of Guangxi, is famous for his medical ethics, wide range of studies, comprehensive understanding of the classics, innovation, as well as u nique academic ideas. He focuses on mind-regulating in acupuncture and pulse diagnosis. At the same time, differentiation of syndromes, diseases and meridians are emphasized. The combination of acupuncture and moxibustion and integration of acupuncture and medicine are promoted. He is especially skilled at slow twisting needle insertion, Taiji needling therapy, scalp acupuncture and moxibustion with a herb prepared thread of Zhuang nationality, which all achieve remarkable effects.
Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; China ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Moxibustion ; history

Based on Huangdi' s Internal Classic and a great deal of clinical verification, in combination with new discoveries of the nerve, the meridian electromagnetic field and the quantum physics for role of thought outside body, it is proved that the main mechanism of the reinforcing-reducing method in Huangdi's Internal Classic is to promote flow of qi with the doctor's thought, with the needle very few twisted and rotated; discover new mechanisms of the reinforcing-reducing method, newly explain and clinically verify many basic standpoints about the reinforcing-reducing, and name as "acupuncture therapy of promoting qi with thought". The method has a strong reinforcing-reducing function and do not need the needle feeling, and is directly related with doctor's idea. It is emphasized specially that it can be carefully adopted only when full syndrome differentiation is made and strictly obey the contraindications in Huangdi's Internal Classic, otherwise it has very serious danger. This kind of model that doctor's mental effect is translated into the patient's biological effect put forward new problem, new thinking for brain sciences and modern acupuncture studies.
Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; History, Ancient ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; history

As a discipline, the independent knowledge system of acupuncture-moxibustion has been established in - Dynasties, while the education and management institutes have tended to be formalized since Northern and Southern Dynasties and continue to late imperial period. In the period of the Republic of China, acupuncture-moxibustion discipline began to be constructed intentionally, and the knowledge system, education institutes and institution have changed significantly with the characteristics of modern science. Now acupuncture has fully met the conditions of modern subjects. The study of the history of acupuncture-moxibustion discipline needs the perspective of internal and external history integration, focusing on the differences from academic history and educational history. In addition, four important topics in the current research of the history of acupuncture-moxibustion discipline are suggested: the relationship between acupuncture- moxibustion discipline and related disciplines, scientific value and technology philosophy, international recognition and branch disciplines.
Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; China ; History, Ancient ; Moxibustion ; history