No abstract available.
Action Potentials*

HoaLong pilulae, the drug prepared by BaoLong company, increased the percentage and absolute contents of B and T lymphocytes and increased activity of blood and phagocytose. The drug made the immunological parameters (CD72+, IgG, IgM...) come back to normal level, decreased frequency of recrudescence and the manifesting duration of Herpes. HoaLong piluae almost had not side effects
Herpes Simplex ; Action Potentials

No abstract available.
Action Potentials* ; Electrodes*

Simulation models are necessary for testing the performance of newly developed approaches before they can be applied to interpreting experimental data, especially when biomedical signals such as surface electromyogram (SEMG) signals are involved. A new and easily implementable surface EMG simulation model was developed in this study to simulate multi-channel SEMG signals. A single fiber action potential (SFAP) is represented by the sum of three Gaussian functions. SFAP waveforms can be modified by adjusting the amplitude and bandwidth of the Gaussian functions. SEMG signals were successfully simulated at different detected locations. Effects of the fiber depth, electrode position and conduction velocity of SFAP on motor unit action potential (MUAP) were illustrated. Results demonstrate that the easily implementable SEMG simulation approach developed in this study can be used to effectively simulate SEMG signals.
Action Potentials ; Electrodes

No abstract available.
Action Potentials* ; Evoked Potentials* ; Humans ; Ischemia*

Action Potentials ; Humans ; Models, Neurological

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of five different recording electrodes on the various parameters of sensory nerve action potentials (SNAPs). METHOD: Median sensory nerve conduction study was performed in 50 normal subjects using different five types of recording electrodes-disc electrode, ring electrode, bar electrode and two kinds of felt-tip bar electrodes (type 1 and 2). The interelectrode distances between active and reference electrodes were set at 4 cm for the disc and ring electrodes. The bar electrode, felt-tip electrodes type 1 and 2 were fixed at interelectrode distances of 3 cm, 3.7 cm and 2.3 cm, respectively. Onset and peak latency, onset to peak amplitude, peak to peak amplitude and duration of negative spike of SNAPs were measured. These parameters were compared using ANOVA test. RESULTS: Onset and peak latencies of SNAPs recorded from five different electrodes were not different (p>0.05). Onset to peak and peak to peak amplitudes of SNAPs recorded from felt-tip type 2 electrode were significantly reduced compared to other electrodes (p<0.05). Onset to peak amplitude of SNAPs was also reduced when the ring electrode was used (p<0.05). The negative spike durations of SNAPs recorded from felt-tip type 2 and bar electrodes were shorter than other electrodes recording (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Onset and peak latencies of SNAPs were not affected by the types of electrodes used. Shortening of interelectrode distance may be a main cause of reduction of peak to peak amplitude and negative spike duration of SNAPs.
Action Potentials* ; Electrodes* ; Neural Conduction

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Comprehensive auditory evaluation often requires complex sounds in addition to pure tones. The sum of pure tones (harmonic stack) is a useful complex stimulus in examining auditory response interactions. In a harmonic stimulus, the phase relationship between pure tones may affect the results of auditory evaluation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of relative phases between harmonic frequencies on the latency of compound action potentials (CAP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Relative phases between two frequencies of a harmonic were varied systematically and compound action potentials (CAP) were, then, recorded in guinea pigs in response to these stimuli. These latencies were compared with the latency to the harmonic complex with the relative phase of zero. RESULTS: The latency of the CAP was shifted within a restricted range to the stimuli with systematically varied phases. These relative phases between the two frequencies directly affected the temporal waveform of the harmonic stimulus although all of these stimuli exhibited the same frequency spectrum. Some phase spectra appeared to contribute more to the latency difference of the CAP. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicated that the phase relationship in a tonal complex is important to the latency of the CAP, and the phase should be controlled carefully in the objective auditory evaluation with tonal complex stimuli.
Action Potentials* ; Animals ; Guinea Pigs

Neurons/physiology* ; Action Potentials/physiology*

Electrogastrography (EGG) is a method of measuring action potentials on the abdomen. It is noninvasive, inexpensive and easy to measure. However, the EGG signal has a very low frequency (0.05 Hz) and an extremely low amplitude (10-100 microV). Consequently, its measured waveform is difficult to analyze and it is not yet completely understood. In this study, a four-channel EGG measurement system was built to measure the action potential of the stomach. This system was compared with the commercially available one-channel Digitrapper EGG. The 3 cpm percentages were compared between the best channel of the four-channel system and channel 1, whose electrode position was similar to the commercially available one-channel system for normal subjects. The average 3 cpm percentage of the best channel and channel 1 for preprandial measurement was 89.5% and 83.2%, respectively, and this was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Also the average 3 cpm percentage of the best channel and channel 1 for postprandial measurement was 90.4% and 76.5%, respectively, and this was statistically significant (p = 0.003). From these results, it can be concluded that a multi-channel EGG system is required for better EGG measurement.
Action Potentials* ; Adult ; Human ; Stomach/physiology*