OBJECTIVETo identify compounds that may be responsible for catnip response of Actinidia macrosperma, and compare chemical compositions in the wild and in vitro regenerated plants.

METHODSGC-MS and relative retention indices with n-alkanes as reference points were used for compound identification, and component relative percentage was calculated based on GC peak areas without using correction factors.

RESULTSThere are 28 compounds (92.72%) and 15 compounds (93.88%) identified in the essential oils from the wild and regenerated plants, respectively. Dihydronepetalactone, iridomyrmecin, and dihydroactinidiolide, which are believed to be attractive to felines, are present in both wild and regenerated plants. Actinine was not detected, and beta-pheylethyl alcohol was only present in wild plant. In addition, short-chain enol derivatives, messengers in chemical communication, are commonly present in wild plant of A. macrosperma, but absent in regenerated one.

CONCLUSIONDihydronepetalactone, iridomyrmecin, and dihydroactinidiolide are responsible for the catnip response of A. macrosperma.

Actinidia ; chemistry ; Animals ; Cats ; China ; Nepeta ; chemistry ; Oils, Volatile ; analysis

Fixed drug eruption (FDE) is a common hypersensitivity reaction characterized by recurrent, well-circumscribed, erythematous patches that arise at the same site as a result of systemic drug exposure. However, fixed food eruption (FFE), a lesion triggered by food ingestion, is a rare allergy that was first defined in 1996. Based on their anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, the fruit and leaves of Actinidia arguta, the hardy kiwi, are widely consumed across Korea, Japan, and China. This report describes the first case of FFE caused by hardy kiwi leaves, known as Daraesun in Korean, confirmed by oral provocation tests and skin biopsy.
Actinidia* ; Biopsy ; China ; Drug Eruptions ; Eating ; Food Hypersensitivity ; Fruit ; Hypersensitivity ; Japan ; Korea ; Skin

OBJECTIVETo observe effect and mechanism of n-Butanol lysate of alcohol extracts from Actinidia rufa root (monomer of R6,R8).

METHODTunel, Wright's stain with Giemsa's stain dyeing, and Hoechst 33258-PI double dyeing assay were used to detect the apoptosis of SGC7901 tumor cells treated with R6, R8. The SGC7901 tumor cells were randomly divided into control group and two treatment groups administered 0.05 g x L(-1) R6, R8, respectively, for 72 h). FCM assay was used to detect the apoptosis. Agarose electrophoresis assay was used to detect DNA strand break of tumor cells and reveal anti-tumor action mechanism.

RESULTThe apoptosis percentage of the tumor cell in 24 h, 48 h, 72 h was (17.08 +/- 2.78)% , (29.68 +/- 2.96)%, (52.46 +/- 3.81)%; (14.75 +/- 2.14)%, (27.35 +/- 3.79)%, (45.64 +/- 5.24)%, respectively, for the treatment group, significantly higher than that in the control group (1.94 +/- 1.55)%, (2.78 +/- 1.84)%, (11.8 +/- 2.79)% (P < 0.01) by tunnel assay. Wright's stain with Giemsa's stain dyeing assay, Hoechst 33258-PI and FCM double dyeing assay showed same action. R6 and R8 had the effect of inducing the DNA histogram of tumor cells (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe anti-tumor mechanisms may be associated with inducing the injury of DNA and stimulating apoptosis.

Actinidia ; chemistry ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Plant Roots ; chemistry

Bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. Actinidiae is one of the most important diseases of kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) and leads to considerable yield losses. In order to obtain transgenic plants with resistance for 'Red Sun' kiwifruit to canker disease, a non-specific lipid transfer protein-like antimicrobial protein gene (LJAMP2) from motherwort (Leonurus japonicus) was introduced into 'Red Sun' kiwifruit through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. After two days of co-cultivation with A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harboring 35S:LJAMP2, the transformed explants were transferred to the selection medium containing 25 mg/L kanamycin+3.0 mg/L BA+1.0 mg/L NAA. The regeneration efficiency of kanamycin-resistant shoots reached to 85%. All (100%) of kanamycin-resistant shoots rooted on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 0.8 mg/L IBA and a total of 40 regenerated plantlets were obtained. PCR and histochemical GUS activity analysis show that 23 of 40 lines (57.50%) were positive, suggesting that the LJAMP2 gene was integrated into the genome of 'Red Sun' kiwifruit. Taken together, we established an efficient genetic transformation method for 'Red Sun' kiwifruit using A. tumefaciens and the transformation frequency reached 5.11%. This protocol will be useful for the genetic breeding of 'Red Sun' kiwifruit for improvement of disease resistance.
Actinidia ; genetics ; Agrobacterium ; Antigens, Plant ; genetics ; Carrier Proteins ; genetics ; Leonurus ; Plant Proteins ; genetics ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; genetics ; Transformation, Genetic

OBJECTIVETo study the chemical constituents of n-butyl alcohol extract in the roots of Actinidia deliciosa in Guangxi.

METHODThe constituents were separated with various chromatographic techniques and their structures were elucidated by means of physicochemical properties and the analysis of their spectral data.

RESULTSix compounds were isolated and identified as eriantic acid B (1), 2alpha, 3beta, 24-trihydroxyursa-12-en-28-oic acid (2), 2alpha, 3alpha, 24-trihydroxyursa-12-en-28-oic acid (3), 2alpha, 3alpha, 23-tri-hydroxyursa-12, 20 (30)-dien-28-oic acid (4), 2alpha, 3alpha, 24-trihydroxyursa-12, 20 (30)-dien-28-oic acid (5), n-butyl-O-beta-D-fruto-pyranoside (6).

CONCLUSIONCompounds 1-4, 6 were obtained from this plant for the first time. Compound 6 was obtained from the genus Actinidia for the first time.

1-Butanol ; chemistry ; Actinidia ; chemistry ; China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Mass Spectrometry ; Plant Roots ; chemistry

A high efficient in vitro regeneration protocol was developed from leaf explants of the female 'Red Sun' kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) and the multiplication coefficient and rooting rate of adventitious buds were also optimized. This method does not require formation of callus tissues which leads to somaclonal variations. The results show that the adventitious buds developing directly from explants tissue were noticed after 30 d of culture. The maximum regeneration frequency of adventitious buds is 100% and 18.67 shoots was observed in each leaf explants when MS medium was supplemented with 3.0 mg/L BA+1.0 mg/L NAA. The optimal culture medium for bud multiplication is MS+2.0 mg/L BA+1.0 mg/L NAA+0.1 mg/L GA3 and the multiplication coefficient reached 8.63. On the rooting medium with 1/2 MS+0.8 mg/L IBA for 15 d, the adventitious plantlets were transferred into matrix perlite supplied with 1/2 MS liquid medium for 15 d and the rooting rate reached 100%. 95 out of 98 plantlets (96.94%) survived acclimatization, producing healthy plants in the greenhouse. Taken together, a highly efficient regeneration method via leaf explants of 'Red Sun' kiwifruit was successfully established. This protocol may be useful for micropropagation and genetic transformation studies of 'Red Sun' kiwifruit.
Actinidia ; growth & development ; Plant Growth Regulators ; pharmacology ; Plant Leaves ; growth & development ; Regeneration ; physiology ; Tissue Culture Techniques ; methods

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis is a chronic itchy, inflammatory skin disease that usually relapses. Although the etiology of atopic dermatitis remains unclear, it has been shown that both Th1 and Th2 cytokines play pathogenic roles in the generation of atopic dermatitis. DA-9102 is a fraction from the Actinidia species and DA-9102 displays immune modulating activity for allergy related disease. OBJECTIVE: We have developed the atopic dermatitis model of NC/Nga mice using DNCB and we examined whether DA-9102 suppresses the development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions on NC/Nga mice. METHODS: NC/Nga mice were challenged with DNCB during 5 weeks to develop atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions. Daily DA-9102 or cyclosporine A or HPMC (control) were then given orally. The efficacy of DA-9102 in NC/Nga mice was judged by measurement of the skin lesion severity (a modified SCORAD score), the serum IgE and IgG2a levels and the cytokine levels (IFN-gamma and IL-4) from spleen cells cultured with ConA. RESULTS: Atopic dermatitis-like lesions were developed on the NC/Nga mice by using topical DNCB. Oral administration of 100 mg/kg DA-9102 significantly suppressed the development of dermatitis, as was analyzed by a modified SCORAD score (p<0.01). The serum IgE level increased gradually with age, but treatment with DA-9102 suppressed the increment of the serum IgE level (p<0.01). The mean values of IFN-gamma in the NC/Nga mice of the DA-9102 group were lower than those of the control mice group (p<0.05). The mean values of IL-4 were undetectable in all the experimental groups. The serum IgG2a level were not significantly different among all the experimental groups. CONCLUSION: We successfully developed an atopic dermatitis model in NC/Nga mice. Based on our in in vitro data, we suggest that DA-9102 can be useful for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.
Actinidia ; Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Cyclosporine ; Cytokines ; Dermatitis ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Dinitrochlorobenzene ; Hypersensitivity ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulin G ; Interleukin-4 ; Mice ; Recurrence ; Skin ; Skin Diseases ; Spleen

OBJECTIVETo study the chemical constituents from the root of Actinidia chinensis.

METHODThe roots of A. chinensis were extracted with 95% EtOH. The EtOH extract was suspended in H2O and extracted with petroleum ether, EtOAc and BuOH successively. The compounds were isolated with column chromatography from the EtOAc fraction, and elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis(MS, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR).

RESULTSeven compounds were isolated from the root of A. chinensis, and the structures were identified as 2alpha-hydroxyoleanolic acid (1), 2alpha-hydroxyursolic acid (2), euscaphic acid (3), 23-hydroxyursolic acid (4), 3beta-O-acetylursolic acid (5), ergosta4, 6, 8, (14), 22-tetraen-3-one (6), beta-steriol (7).

CONCLUSIONAll the compounds were obtained from the root of A. chinensis for the first time.

Actinidia ; chemistry ; Oleanolic Acid ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Sitosterols ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Triterpenes ; chemistry ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo determine actinoside C in the leaves of Actinidia kolomikta with different growth periods.

METHODThe separation was performed at 25 degrees C on ZORBAX Extend C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm), using amixture of methanol and water (51:49) as a mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.2 mL x min(-1), and the wavelength for measurement was 267 nm.

RESULTThe results showed that the contents of actinoside C in the leaves of A. kolomikta were variety in different growth periods. Actinoside C could reach its highest content in the middle ten days of June, then the content would decrease in the middle ten days of July slightly, it could reach their lowest content in the middle ten days of August.

CONCLUSIONThe optimal collective date for A. kolomikta are in the middle ten days of June.

Actinidia ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Flavones ; analysis ; chemistry ; Glycosides ; analysis ; chemistry ; Molecular Structure ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Seasons

Flavonoids are a large group of phenolic secondary metabolites havinga wide range of biochemical and pharmacological effects. Quantitative analysis of flavonoid profiles in the genus Actinidia, which has not been intensively conducted, is useful to a better understanding of the pattern and distribution of flavonoids. In the present work, a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method was developed to profile the flavonoids, which was then used to determine the dynamic change of 17 biologically active flavonoids in the leaves of Actinidia valvata at the main growing stages, including glucuronides and acylated di- and triglycosides of flavonoids. The contents of flavonoid triglycosides were significantly higher than other flavonoids. The highest concentrations of kaemperol glycosides were observed in June, while other flavonoids showed highest concentrations in October. On the other hand, the contents of four isorhamnetin glycosides were increased sharply in September to October. The flavonoid profiles seem to be related to temperature, UV-B, and water deficit. Further studies are required to examine the functions of flavonoids in the Actinidia valvata and the underlying molecular mechanisms of actions.
Actinidia ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Flavonoids ; analysis ; chemistry ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; Seasons ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; methods ; Ultraviolet Rays