Despite the indications that psychodynamic factors may be important in understanding and treatment of panic disorder, these have not been studied systematically. In this report, self-rating Ewha Defense Mechanism Test(EDMT) was used to test the hypotheses that 1) panic patients would use different defense mechanism from normal controls, 2) panic patients would use lower-maturity defenses than normal controls. Twenty-two subjects meeting the DSM-IV criteria for panic disorder and 22 normal controls were given self-rating EDMT, and were compared about the use and maturity level of defenses between the two groups. Panic subjects scored significantly much higher than normal controls on the defenses of displacement and acting out, and on the controlling as a major defense mechanism. Also, the use of neurotic defense mechanisms was more frequent in panic subjects.
Acting Out ; Defense Mechanisms* ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Humans ; Panic Disorder* ; Panic*

Suture microvascular anastomosis is time-consuming and tedious and demands long and continuous training. The Unilink instrument system is a fast and simple method to achieve high patency rates without long and continuous training in the anastomosis of small vessels. The author experimentally studied the carotid arteries and facial veins of 14 rabbits with an average weight of 1900 gm using the unilink apparatus. A total of 27 arterial and venous anastomoses were performed. We examined the postoperative patency at immediate, 2 weeks, and 8 weeks. The results were as followings; 1. All anastomosed vessels were fully patent just after operation and at 2 weeks(100%), but one of the arterial anastomosis was thrombotized at 8 weeks(90%) 2. The mean time for completion of the anastomosis were 8.5 minutes(range 6-15) in arteries and 6.2 minutes.(range 4-10) in veins. 3. The cases having partial obliterations were 3 cases(15%) under the operating microscope. 4. At the histological examination, the thickness of vessel wall was decreased due to moderate atrophy of the media and mild degree of nonspecific chronic inflammation was seen around the unilink apparatus. 5. A case of the arterial anastomosis was released with acting out at 15 minutes after operation, and a case of arterial anastomosis showed complete oblieration at postoperative 8 weeks. 6. The important factors in the technical problems were the proper selection of the ring size and optimal fitting between two rings. The Unilink method provides a very safe, fast, and simple way to perform microvascular anastomoses.
Acting Out ; Arteries ; Atrophy ; Carotid Arteries ; Inflammation ; Methods ; Rabbits ; Sutures ; Veins

INTRODUCTION: The objective of the present study was to investigate the defense style of insomnia patients and to grasp the differences in defense style between primary insomnia patients and insomnia patients with history of major depressive disorder. METHODS: Forty three subjects with insomnia (11 subjects with primary insomnia and 32 subjects with major depressive disorder) and 138 control subjects participated in this study. To diagnose insomnia and major depressive disorder, interviews including structured clinical interview for DSM-IV (SCID-IV) were done. To assess the defense style, self-reported Korean version of Defense Style Questionnaire (K-DSQ) were completed by the participants. RESULTS: Compared to normal controls, subjects with insomnia used more acting out (t=3.25, p<0.01), consumption (t=2.66, p<0.01), fantasy (t=3.51, p<0.001), resignation (t=5.42, p<0.001), suppression (t=3.28, p<0.01), projection (t=3.92, p< 0.01), splitting (t=4.31, p<0.01), undoing (t=2.66, p<0.01), withdrawal (t=6.72, p<0.001) and isolation (t=3.80, p<0.001), and less omnipotence (t=4.08, p<0.001) and humor (t=3.20, p<0.01). Compared to normal controls, subjects with primary insomnia used more undoing and withdrawal. Compared to subjects with primary insomnia, subjects with insomnia with history of major depressive disorder used more resignation and withdrawal, and less humor. CONCLUSION: In the current study, there were differences in defenses between primary insomnia patients and insomnia patients with major depressive disorder history. To evaluate the pattern of defenses through the K-DSQ might provide important clues to differentiate these two conditions.
Acting Out ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Fantasy ; Hand Strength ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders