Acrylamide ; adverse effects ; analysis ; toxicity ; Food Contamination ; analysis ; prevention & control

Analysis of synovial fluid is a most helpful aid in diagnosis and differentiating the varlous types of arthritis. But little information is available on joint fluid proteins and immunoglobullns. The present study was designed to obtain more precise information about each component of joint fluid proteins, using Acrylamide Gel Microzone system with a Densitometer. The following results were obtained: 1. The amount of total protein in both types of arthritis was approximately twice as high as that in the normal group (Normal;2.12± 0.50g%, R.A.;4.51± 1.18g%, Tbc;4.10± 1.02g%). 2. The albumin fraction was decreased in both types of arthrltis (R.A.;42.15± 5.21g%, Tbc; 44.24± 5.61g%) in comparison with 65.25± 4.40g% in the normal group. 3. The percentages of Alpha 1 and Beta globulin in both types of arthritis were similar to that in the normal group. (Normal:Alpha 1;6.01± 1.10, beta; 12.40± 1.90) 4. The percentages of Alpha 2 globulin and gamma globulin in both types of arthritis were approximately twice as high as that in the normal group. (Normal:Alpha 2;5.31± 1.62, Gamrna; 11.03± 1.51).
Acrylamide ; Arthritis ; Beta-Globulins ; Diagnosis ; gamma-Globulins ; Joints ; Synovial Fluid

Acrylamide ; analysis ; Air Pollutants, Occupational ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Workplace

OBJECTIVETo assess the current status of the acrylamide in the Chinese food supply, the dietary acrylamide exposure in the Chinese population and to estimate the public health risks of the current consumption.

METHODSThe acrylamide content in the total diet study (TDS) food samples was analyzed using an LC-MS/MS method. Based on the analytical results, the dietary exposure calculations were performed using a deterministic method, combining mean acrylamide concentrations from the food group composite with their associated food consumptions.

RESULTSAcrylamide was detected in 43.7% of all samples collected and acrylamide concentration varied from ND to 526.6 µg/kg. The estimated dietary intakes of acrylamide among Chinese general population given as the mean and the 95th percentile (P95) were 0.286 and 0.490 µg•kg(-1) bw•day(-1), respectively. The margins of exposure (MOEs) for the population calculated using both benchmark dose lower confidence limit for a 10% extra risk of tumors in animals (BMDL10) 0.31 and 0.18 µg•kg(-1) bw•day(-1), were 1069 and 621 for the mean dietary exposure, and 633 and 367 for the high dietary exposure respectively.

CONCLUSIONThese MOE values might indicate a human health concern on acrylamide for Chinese population. Efforts should continue to reduce acrylamide levels in food in order to reduce the dietary risks to the human health.

Acrylamide ; chemistry ; China ; Diet ; Environmental Exposure ; analysis ; Environmental Pollutants ; chemistry ; Food Analysis ; Food Contamination ; Humans

The hydration reaction by microbial method is the crisis of the procedure of acrylamide production from acrylonitrile. This research studied the enzyme catalytic kinetics and de-active kinetics of nitrile hydratase in the type of free cell. Firstly, the effects of the concentration of cells, the temperature, pH value, the concentration of acrylonitrile and the concentration of acrylamide on the activity of nitrile hydratase was investigated. The result is that the temperature and the concentration of acrylamide are the most important among these factors. The activity of the nitrile hydratase was 5659 u/mL (broth) at 28 degrees C; the counterpart was only 663 u/mL (broth) at 5 degrees C. And the activity of NHase in solution of 45% acrylamide was just about half of that in solution of 5% acrylamide. After study on the relation of temperature and the reaction speed, It was found that the activation energy of the hydration of NHase was 65.57 kJ.mol-1. This paper studied the effects of concentration of cells, temperature, pH value, concentrations of acrylonitrile and acrylamide on the deactivation of Nhase, as well as the related enzyme de-active kinetics. The result also showed that the temperature and the concentration of acrylamide are the most important among these factors. In solution of 35% acrylamide, the residual activity was about 0% of the original value after 55 h; but in solution of 10% acrylamide, after the same period of time, the residual activity was 50% of the original one. It was also found that the concentration of acrylonitrile had little effect on the stability of NHase. The coefficient of deactivation at 28 degrees C was 21.77 times of the one at 5 degrees C. Correlating the temperature and the coefficient of deactivation, the activation energy of the de-active reaction was found to be 92.28 kJ.mol-1.
Acrylamide ; metabolism ; Acrylonitrile ; metabolism ; Catalysis ; Hydro-Lyases ; metabolism ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Kinetics ; Rhodococcus ; enzymology ; Temperature

Accidents, Occupational ; Acrylamide ; poisoning ; Adolescent ; Critical Illness ; Humans ; Male ; Young Adult

Over the last two decades, several tissue clearing methodologies have been established that render tissues optically transparent and allow imaging of unsectioned tissues of significant volumes, thus improving the capacity to study the relationships between cell and 3D tissue architecture. Despite these technical advances, the important unsolved challenges that these methods face include complexity, time, consistency of tissue size before and after clearing, and ability to immunolabel various antibodies in cleared tissue. Here, we established very simple and fast tissue clearing protocol, FxClear, which involves acrylamide-free electrophoretic tissue clearing (ETC). By removal of the acrylamide infusion step, we were able to achieve fast reaction time, smaller tissue expansion, and higher immunoreactivity. Especially, immunoreactivity and fluorescence intensity were increased in FxClear-processed tissues compared to un-cleared tissues. Our protocol may be suitable for small-sized biopsy samples for 3D pathological examinations.
Acrylamide ; Antibodies ; Biopsy ; Fluorescence ; Immunohistochemistry ; Methods ; Reaction Time ; Tissue Engineering ; Tissue Expansion

Prohibited substances in cosmetics refer to substances which must not be among the raw material ingredients of cosmetic products. These substances are absorbed mostly through skin, as well as via lung and gastrointestinal tract. Polyacrylamide is ubiquitously used in industry and its decomposition residue acrylamide (ACR) easily finds its way into cosmetic products. ACR can either be oxidized to epoxide glycidamide or conjugated with glutathione, hemoglobin or DNA; ultimately it is excreted in urine. ACR causes neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity and tumors in rodents. Occupational exposure to ACR causes neurotoxicity in humans; however, epidemiological evidence have not unambiguously answered the question of whether ACR exposure can increase cancer risk for humans.
Acrylamide ; metabolism ; pharmacokinetics ; toxicity ; Acrylic Resins ; chemistry ; China ; Cosmetics ; chemistry ; Humans

Acrylamide is a common chemical material, extensively used in industry and scientific experiments. Recently, it has been reported that starchy food cooked at high temperature can produce acrylamide. Acrylamide monomer has several toxic effects and the extensive concern for its toxicity has arisen with the finding of acrylamide formation in some processed foods. Researches have shown that acrylamide monomer can cause reproductive toxicity, including toxic effects on male reproductive behavior, male reproductive endocrine function and spermatogenesis. The mechanisms may include the effects of acrylamide on Leydig cells, the formation of motor protein/ chromosomal/DNA alkylation and damage by oxidative stress.
Acrylamide ; toxicity ; Animals ; Genitalia, Male ; drug effects ; physiology ; Male ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; drug effects ; physiology ; Spermatogenesis ; drug effects

OBJECTIVETo explore the changes of brain energy metabolism following acrylamide (ACR) poisoning.

METHODSCreatie kinase (CK), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate(ADP), adenosine 5'-monophosphate(AMP) and glucose contents in brain were observed in O1a mice and 6J mice following ACR intoxication by enzyme analytical method.

RESULTSATP, CK and glucose levels decreased transiently in O1a mice, while ATP level in 6J mice was significantly decreased (1.76 mumol/g, P < 0.01), as compared to the control (2.53 mumol/g) but ADP and AMP were increased, glucose was decreased. The activity of CK in poisoned group (1.13 mumol/g, P < 0.01) was lower than that of control (3.16 mumol/g and lasted for 5 weeks).

CONCLUSIONThe influence of ACR on O1a mice was slight and reversible but on 6J mice was severe and lasting. There was severe damage to the potential energy supply compensation, which might be the biochemical basis of neuron damage induced by acrylamide.

Acrylamide ; poisoning ; Adenosine Triphosphate ; analysis ; Animals ; Brain ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Creatine Kinase ; analysis ; Energy Metabolism ; drug effects ; Glucose ; analysis ; Mice