No abstract available.
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus* ; Acinetobacter* ; Pneumonia*

Members of the genus Acinetobacter are recognized as newer pathogens of the nosocomial infection with an increasing frequency in recent years. Strains that belonged to A. calcoaceticus-A. baumannii complex (genomic species 1, 2, 3, and 13TU) were major groups associated with nosocomial infection. Phenotypic identification was unreliable and laborious method to classify Acinetobacter strains into 19 genomic species. Rapid and reliable identification of clinical isolates is essential to diagnosis and epidemiology of Acinetobacter. We investigated the suitability of amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) to identify genomic species of 131 Acinetobacter isolates. The 16S rRNA genes (ribosomal DNA) were enzymatically amplified and the amplified PCR products were restricted independently with the enzymes, AluI, CfoI, and MboI. Genomic species of Acinetobacter was classified by the combinations of restriction patterns. The analysis was showed that restriction profiles were characteristic for each genomic species. One hundred fourteen isolates were identified as A. baumannii, twelve were identified as genomic species 13TU, and one was identified as genomic species 3. Four isolates were found to be unknown organisms. All of the isolates which were identified to A. baumannii by phenotypic tests were completely discriminated into A. baumannii and genomic species 13TU by ARDRA. This study demonstrates that ARDRA is a rapid and simple techniques for the identification of Acinetobacter species according to the genomic species.
Acinetobacter baumannii* ; Acinetobacter calcoaceticus* ; Acinetobacter* ; Cross Infection ; Diagnosis ; DNA, Ribosomal* ; Epidemiology ; Genes, rRNA ; Polymerase Chain Reaction

Acinetobacter species encounters frequently with clinical specimens and now accounts for a substantial proportion of endemic nosocomial infections in Korea. Recent trends indicate that the antimicrobial resistant strains of Acinetobacter species are increasing. Sixty-one strains were isolated from specimens of patients suspected of nosocomial infections during 1991 to 1996. At present, phenotypic identification of Acinetobacter using biochemical test may not be reliable and resulted in the difficulty to clarify the source of infections and epidemiological study of hospital-acquired infections. Aware of the importance of rational taxonomic proposal for these isolates, correct species identification of these organisms by molecular typing method was carried out. A total of fifty-four strains of A. calcoaceticus-A. baumannii complex species which were identified to genospecies 2 and 13 by biochemical characteristics was subjected to identify by ribotyping using restriction endonuclease EcoRI, ClaI, and SalI. Of fifty-four strains, twenty-five strains were identified as A. baumannii (genospecies 2) and twenty-one strains as genospecies 13, and six strains changed to genospecies 3, and the rest two strains were confirmed as A. haemolyticus (genospecies 4). This result suggests that the ribotyping may be of value for identification of genospecies and epidemiological information of Acinetobacter strains.
Acinetobacter baumannii* ; Acinetobacter calcoaceticus* ; Acinetobacter* ; Cross Infection ; DNA Restriction Enzymes ; Humans ; Korea ; Molecular Typing ; Ribotyping*

OBJECTIVEGas chromatography (GC) was used to investigate the cellular fatty acid (CFA) composition of 141 Acinetobacter baumannii and 32 A. calcoaceticus isolates from different locations in China and to find chemical markers to differentiate these two closely related bacteria.

METHODSWhole cell fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were obtained by saponification, methylation, and extraction for GC analysis, followed by a standardized Microbial Identification System (MIS) analysis.

RESULTSAll A. baumannii and A. calcoaceticus strains contained some major fatty acids, namely, 18:1 ω9c, 16:0, Sum In Feature 3, 12:0, 17:1ω8c, 3-OH-12:0, 17:0, Sum In Feature 2, 2-OH-12:0, and 18:0 compounds. Although most of the total CFAs are similar between A. baumannii and A. calcoaceticus strains, the ratios of two pairs of CFAs, i.e., Sum In Feature 3/18:1 ω9c versus 16:0/18:1 ω9c and Sum In Feature 3/18:1 ω9c versus unknown 12.484/18:1 ω9c fatty acids, could differentiate these two closely related bacteria. A. baumannii could be easily classified into two subgroups by plotting some ratios such as Sum In Feature 3/16:0 versus 17:0 and Sum In Feature 3/2-OH-12:0 versus 17:0 fatty acids.

CONCLUSIONThe ratios of some CFAs could be used as chemical markers to distinguish A. baumannii from A. calcoaceticus.

Acinetobacter baumannii ; classification ; cytology ; metabolism ; Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ; classification ; cytology ; metabolism ; Biomarkers ; metabolism ; Fatty Acids ; metabolism ; Species Specificity

Antimicrobial susceptibility of the bacterial strains isolated from clinical specimens during the period from June, 1983 to June, 1986 in Yeungnam Medical Center was studied and the following results were obtained. 1. Staphylococcus aureus was highly susceptible to cephalothin and its susceptibility to methicillin was gradually reduced. 2. Streptococcus strains except enterococcus were generally susceptible to penicillin, while most enterococci were susceptible to only ampicillin. 3. Gram-negative rods including Escherichia coli were highly susceptible to amikacin and tobramycin. 4. Serratia were generally less susceptible to the amtimicrobials tested than other Enterobacteriaceae. Among them, Serratia marcescens showed the highest susceptibility to amikacin and chloramphenicol. 5. Pseudomonas aeruginosa revealed the highest susceptibility to amikacin and tobramycin and moderate susceptibility to carbenicillin and gentamycin. 6. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus revealed low susceptibility to most antimicrobials tested, showing only 30% susceptibility to amikacin, tobramycin and gentamycin in 1986.
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ; Amikacin ; Ampicillin ; Bacteria* ; Carbenicillin ; Cephalothin ; Chloramphenicol ; Enterobacteriaceae ; Enterococcus ; Escherichia coli ; Gentamicins ; Methicillin ; Penicillins ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Serratia ; Serratia marcescens ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Streptococcus ; Tobramycin

The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify bacteria from the 4 patients with non-odontogenic infectious lesions (mucormycosis, chronic inflammation from wound infection, and two actinomycosis) and determine their antimicrobial susceptibility against eight antibiotics. Bacterial culture was performed under three culture conditions (anaerobic, CO2, and aerobic incubator). The bacterial strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene (16S rDNA) sequence comparison analysis method. For investigating the antimicrobial susceptibility of the bacteria against eight antibiotics, penicillin G, amoxicillin, tetracycline, cefuroxime, erythromycin, clindamycin, vancomycin, and Augmentin(R) (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) measurement was performed using broth microdilution assay. Nosocomial pathogens such as Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, and Neisseria flavescens were isolated from mucormycosis. Veillonella parvula, Enterobacter hormaechei, and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus were isolated from chronic inflammatory lesion. Actinomyces massiliensis was isolated from actinomycosis in parotid gland. Capnocytophaga ochracea was isolated from actinomycosis in buccal region in anaerobic condition. There was no susceptible antibiotic to all bacteria in mucormycosis. Tetracycline was susceptible to all bacteria in chronic inflammation. C. ochracea was resistant to vancomycin and penicillin G; and other antibiotics showed susceptibility to all bacteria in actinomycosis. The results indicated that the combined treatment of two or more antibiotics is better than single antibiotic treatment in mucormycosis, and penicillin is the first recommended antibiotic to treat actinomycosis.
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ; Actinomyces ; Actinomycosis ; Amoxicillin ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacillus subtilis ; Bacteria* ; Capnocytophaga ; Cefuroxime ; Clindamycin ; Enterobacter ; Enterococcus faecalis ; Erythromycin ; Genes, rRNA ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Mucormycosis ; Neisseria ; Parotid Gland ; Penicillin G ; Penicillins ; Tetracycline ; Vancomycin ; Veillonella ; Wound Infection

We studied the effects of the acute intermittent peritoneal dialysis in severe acute renal failure of 1 newborn infant and 2 young infants during 18 months period from February 1985 to April 1986. The predisposing illnesses were severe acute gastroenteritis with dehydration. Reye's syndrome, and bilateral nephrolithiasis with hyperuricemia. The concomitant illnesses were severe hypernatremia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulopathy). Paralytic ileus, metabolic acidosis and gastrointestinal bleeding. As a dialysate, Imperinol solutionR, 1.5% was used in all cases. The cycles of dialysis were 8, 16, and 41 times in each cases. Observed complications during dialysis were leakage, and abdominal wall and scrotal swelling in 2 cases, hyperglycemia in 1 case, and peritonitis in 1 case. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus was cultured in peritoneal fluid of peritonitis. These complications were treated by stopping dialysis in leakage and abdominal wall swelling, insulin therapy in hyperglycemia, and intraperitoneal and systemic antibiotics therapy in peritonitis. We experienced improvements of severe acute renal failure with variable concomitant illnesses by acute intermittent peritoneal dialysis despite of the treatable complications of dialysis in all cases.
Abdominal Wall ; Acidosis ; Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ; Acute Kidney Injury* ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Ascitic Fluid ; Dacarbazine ; Dehydration ; Dialysis ; Gastroenteritis ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Hyperkalemia ; Hypernatremia ; Hyperuricemia ; Hypocalcemia ; Hypoglycemia ; Hyponatremia ; Infant* ; Infant, Newborn* ; Insulin ; Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction ; Nephrolithiasis ; Peritoneal Dialysis* ; Peritonitis ; Reye Syndrome

Ninety two cases of culture proved neonatal sepsis who had been admitted to pediatric department, National medical Center, during 7 years from Jan. 1984 to Dec. 1990 were reviewed clinically and the following results were obtained. 1) The frequency of neonatal sepsis was 3.1% and male to female sex ratio was 1.9:1, Sepsis was more prevalent in premature infants (9.9%) than in full term infants (1.9%). 2) The seasonal incidence was more prevalent in summer (32.6%). 3) The weight distribution showed 50 cases with the weight less than 2500 gram and 42 cases more than 2500 gram. 4) In 76 cases the onset was before 7 days old and in 16 cases were developed after 7 days old. 5) The major associated perinatal conditions in neonatal sepsis were institutional baby (23.9%), premature rupture of membranes (11.9%) and placenta previa (4.3%) in the order of frequency. The clinical manifestations on admission were jaundice (50.0%), poor activity (46.7%), respiratory difficulty (35.9%), poor feeding (22.8%), cyanosis (22.7%), gastrointestional symptoms (21.5%), fever (15.2%) and convulsion (13.0%) in the order of frequency. 6) The associated diseases were urinary tract infection (31.5%), hyaline membrane disease (19.6%), congenital disorder (18.5%), pneumonia (15.2%), anemia (13.0%), meningitis (9.8%), omphalitis (7.6%), DIC (6.5%), necrotizing enterocolitis (5.4%) and intracranial hemorrhage (5.4%) in the order of frequency. 7) Causative organisms were gram positive organisms in 27 cases (25.7%) and gram negative organisms in 79 cases (74.3%). The main organisms were Serratia marcescens (18.5%). Enterobacter spp (17.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.0%), Staphylococcus aureus (10.9%), Acinetobactor calcoaceticus (8.7%), Coagulase (-) staphylococcus (8.7%), E. coli (8.7%), Enterococcus (6.5%), Group B beta-hemolytic streptococcus (5.4%) and Pseudomonas (5.4%) in the order of frequency. The sensitivity to antibiotics were: Serratia marcescens: 70.6% sensitive to Amikacin 58. 9% sensitive to Cefotaxime 59. Enterobacter spp: 87.5% sensitive to Amikacin 68.8% sensitive to Cefotaxime Klebsiella pneumoniae: 100% sensitive to Amikacin 91. 0% sensitive to Cefotaxime Staphylococcus aureus: 100% sensitive to Cefazolin 90. 0% sensitive to Cefotaxime Acinetobacter calcoaceticus: 88.9% sensitive to Amikacin Coagulase (-) Staphylococcus: 100% sensitive to Amikacin 87. 5% sensitive to Cefotaxime E. coli: 100% sensitive to Amikacin, Cefotaxime Enterococcus: 50% sensitive to Gentamicin, Ampicillin, Amikacin Group B beta-hemolytie Streptococcus: 100% sensitive to Ampicillin, Penicillin Pseudomonas: 100% sensitive to Amikacin, Gentamicin, Tobarmycin 8) Mortality cases were 32 cases (34.8%).
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ; Amikacin ; Ampicillin ; Anemia ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Cefazolin ; Cefotaxime ; Coagulase ; Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities ; Cyanosis ; Dacarbazine ; Enterobacter ; Enterococcus ; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ; Female ; Fever ; Gentamicins ; Humans ; Hyaline Membrane Disease ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Intracranial Hemorrhages ; Jaundice ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Male ; Membranes ; Meningitis ; Mortality ; Penicillins ; Placenta Previa ; Pneumonia ; Pseudomonas ; Rupture ; Seasons ; Seizures ; Sepsis* ; Serratia marcescens ; Sex Ratio ; Staphylococcus ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Streptococcus ; Urinary Tract Infections