OBJECTIVE: To analyze the genotype and clinical phenotype of a 3-month-old female infant featuring unresponsiveness. METHODS: The infant was subjected to genetic testing, and her clinical features were compared with syndromes associated with variants of the candidate gene. RESULTS: The patient has featured long fingers, long and overlapped toes, musk-like face, blepharophimosis, ptosis, and lacrimal duct anomaly. She was found to harbor a heterozygous de novo variant NM_012330.3: c.3040C>T (p.Gln1014*) in exon 16 of the KAT6B gene. Her clinical phenotype and genotype have both conformed to Say-Barber-Biesecker-Young-Simpson syndrome (SBBYSS). CONCLUSION The child was diagnosed with SBBYSS syndrome due to the c.3040C>T (p.Gln1014*) variant of the the KAT6B gene. Discovery of the unique features has expanded the phenotypic spectrum of this syndrome.
Female ; Humans ; Blepharophimosis/genetics* ; Blepharoptosis ; Genotype ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Infant

Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection remains an important goal of global TB eradication. To this end, targets that are essential for intracellular survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are particularly attractive. Arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT) represents such a target as it is, along with the enzymes encoded by the associated gene cluster, essential for mycobacterial survival inside macrophages and involved in cholesterol degradation. Cholesterol is likely to be the fuel for M. tuberculosis inside macrophages. Deleting the nat gene and inhibiting the NAT enzyme prevents survival of the microorganism in macrophages and induces cell wall alterations, rendering the mycobacterium sensitive to antibiotics to which it is normally resistant. To date, NAT from M. marinum (MMNAT) is considered the best available model for NAT from M. tuberculosis (TBNAT). The enzyme catalyses the acetylation and propionylation of arylamines and hydrazines. Hydralazine is a good acetyl and propionyl acceptor for both MMNAT and TBNAT. The MMNAT structure has been solved to 2.1 Å resolution following crystallisation in the presence of hydralazine and is compared to available NAT structures. From the mode of ligand binding, features of the binding pocket can be identified, which point to a novel mechanism for the acetylation reaction that results in a 3-methyltriazolo[3,4-a]phthalazine ring compound as product.
Acetyltransferases ; metabolism ; Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase ; chemistry ; genetics ; metabolism ; Catalysis ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallization ; Mycobacterium ; enzymology ; metabolism ; Mycobacterium marinum ; enzymology ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; enzymology ; genetics ; metabolism ; Protein Binding

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the mechanism of K (lysine) acetyltransferase 2A (KAT2A) regulation and control on the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs). METHODS: The expression levels of KAT2A in PDLSCs were compared from each generation of the normal (H-PDLSCs) and periodontitis tissues (P-PDLSCs). The influences of KAT2A gene interference on the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs were also detected. In addition, the influences of the KAT2A gene interference to the canonical Wnt pathway and ligands were detected. The upstream and down-stream relationships between KAT2A and canonical Wnt pathway were also determined. RESULTS: The decreased expression of KAT2A in PDLSCs from the inflammatory tissue in each generation was compared with that in PDLSCs from the healthy tissue, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). When the KAT2A gene was disrupted, the osteogenesis ability of PDLSC was declined, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The canonical Wnt pathway was activated, and the antagonist Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) was reduced. After the DKK-1 addition, the osteogenic differentiation of the disturbed PDLSCs was recovered, and KAT2A was unaffected. CONCLUSIONS The KAT2A expression in PDLSCs was decreased because of perio-dontitis. The classical Wnt pathway was activated to inhibit the osteogenic differentiation of the cells.
Acetyltransferases ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; metabolism ; Humans ; Lysine ; Osteogenesis ; Periodontal Ligament ; metabolism ; Periodontitis ; metabolism ; Stem Cells ; Wnt Signaling Pathway

Histone acetylation is one of the epigenetic modifications. Histone acetylation, which is catalyzed by histone acetyltransferases and negatively regulated by histone deacetylases, plays an important role in a variety of cellular physiological and pathophysiological processes. Recent studies have shown that histone deacetylases are involved in a variety of pathophysiological responses to acute kidney injury, such as apoptosis, dedifferentiation, proliferation and regeneration. This article reviews the role and underlying mechanism of histone deacetylases in acute kidney injury induced by ischemia reperfusion, nephrotoxicants, sepsis and rhabdomyolysis.
Acetylation ; Acute Kidney Injury ; Histone Acetyltransferases/metabolism* ; Histone Deacetylases/metabolism* ; Humans ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational

Diagnostic exome sequencing (DES) is a powerful tool to analyze the pathogenic variants leading to development delay (DD) and intellectual disability (ID). Recently, heterozygous de novo mutation of the histone acetyltransferase encoding gene KAT6B has been recognized as causing a syndrome with congenital anomalies and intellectual disability, namely Say-Barber-Biesecker-Young-Simpson (SBBYS) syndrome. Here we report a case of SBBYS syndrome in a third generation Korean family affected with a missense mutation in KAT6B, c.2292C>T p.(His767Tyr) identified by DES. This is the first confirmed familial inherited mutation of the KAT6B reported worldwide. Our case emphasizes again the importance of basic physical examination and taking a family history. Furthermore, advances in genetic diagnostic tools are becoming key to identifying the etiology of DD and ID. This allows a physiatrist to predict the disease's clinical evolution with relative certainty, and offer an appropriate rehabilitation plan for patients.
Exome* ; Family Characteristics* ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability ; Mutation, Missense ; Physical Examination ; Rehabilitation

OBJECTIVE: To study the interactive regulatory effect of histone acetylation and methylation on cardiomyogenesis, and to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of congenital heart disease. METHODS: A total of 24 Kunming mice were randomly divided into embryo day 14.5 (ED 14.5) group, embryo day 16.5 (ED 16.5) group, postnatal day 0.5 (PND 0.5) group, and postnatal day 7 (PND 7) group, with 6 mice in each group, and the heart tissue of fetal and neonatal mice was collected. Colorimetry was used to measure the activities of histone acetylases (HATs) and histone methyltransferases (HMTs) in the myocardium. Western blot was used to measure the expression of H3K9ac and H3K9me3 in the myocardium. RESULTS: Colorimetry showed that the activities of HATs and HMTs were higher before birth and were lower after birth. There was a significant difference in the activity of HATs in the myocardium between the PND 0.5 and PND 7 groups and the ED 14.5 group (P<0.05), as well as between the PND 7 group and the ED 16.5 group (P<0.05). There was also a significant difference in the activity of HMTs in the myocardium between the PND 7 group and the ED 14.5 and ED 16.5 groups (P<0.05). Western blot showed higher expression of H3K9ac and H3K9me3 before birth and lower expression of H3K9ac and H3K9me3 after birth, and there were significant differences in the expression H3K9ac and H3K9me3 in the myocardium between the PND 0.5 and PND 7 groups and the ED 14.5 and ED 16.5 groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The dynamic expression of HATs, HMTs, H3K9ac, and H3K9me3 is observed during cardiomyogenesis, suggesting that histone H3K9ac acetylation and histone H3K9me3 methylation mediated by HATs and HMTs may play a role in interactive regulation during cardiomyogenesis.
Acetylation ; Animals ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Histones ; metabolism ; Methylation ; Mice ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational

OBJECTIVE: To explore the genetic etiology for a child featuring mental retardation and speech delay. METHODS: Clinical data of the child was collected. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples of the child and members of his pedigree. Whole exome sequencing was carried out for the child, and candidate variants were verified by Sanger sequencing. Prenatal diagnosis was provided for his mother upon her subsequent pregnancy. RESULTS: The child has mainly featured mental retardation, speech delay, ptosis, strabismus, photophobia, hyperactivity, and irritability. Whole exome sequencing revealed that he has harbored a pathogenic heterozygous variant of the KAT6A gene, namely c.5314dupA (p.Ser1772fs*20), which was not detected in either of his parents. The child was diagnosed with Arboleda-Tham syndrome. The child was also found to harbor a hemizygous c.56T>G (p.Leu19Trp) variant of the AIFM1 gene, for which his mother was heterozygous and his phenotypically normal maternal grandfather was hemizygous. Pathogenicity was excluded. Prenatal diagnosis has excluded the c.5314dupA variant of the KAT6A gene in the fetus. CONCLUSION The heterozygous c.5314dupA (p.Ser1772fs*20) variant of the KAT6A gene probably underlay the Arboleda-Tham syndrome in this child. Above finding has enabled genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis for this pedigree.
Child ; Humans ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Intellectual Disability/genetics* ; Language Development Disorders ; Pedigree

Co-transcriptional methylations of histone H3 at lysines 4 and 36, highly conserved methyl marks from yeast to humans, have profound roles in regulation of histone acetylation. These modifications function to recruit and/or activate distinct histone acetyltransferases (HATs) or histone deacetylases (HDACs). Whereas H3K4me3 increases acetylation at promoters via multiple HATs, H3K4me2 targets Set3 HDAC to deacetylate histones in 5' transcribed regions. In 3' regions of genes, H3K36me2/3 facilitates deacetylation by Rpd3S HDAC and slows elongation. Despite their important functions in deacetylation, no strong effects on global gene expression have been seen under optimized or laboratory growth conditions. Instead, H3K4me2-Set3 HDAC and Set2-Rpd3S pathways primarily delay the kinetics of messenger RNA (mRNA) and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) induction upon environmental changes. A majority of mRNA genes regulated by these pathways have an overlapping lncRNA transcription either from an upstream or an antisense promoter. Surprisingly, the distance between mRNA and lncRNA promoters seems to specify the repressive effects of the two pathways. Given that co-transcriptional methylations and acetylation have been linked to many cancers, studying their functions in a dynamic condition or during cancer progression will be much more important and help identify novel genes associated with cancers.
Acetylation ; Gene Expression* ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Histone Deacetylases ; Histones* ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Methylation* ; RNA, Long Noncoding ; RNA, Messenger ; Yeasts

OBJECTIVE: To explore the genetic basis for a child suspected for Say-Barber-Biesecker-Young-Simpson syndrome. METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples of the child and her parents. Whole exome sequencing was carried out for the proband. Suspected variants were validated by Sanger sequencing. The impact of the variants was predicted by bioinformatic analysis. RESULTS: The child was found to harbor a de novo missense variant c.2623C>T (p.Asp875Tyr) in exon 13 of the KAT6B gene. The variant was previously unreported, and was not recorded in the major allele frequency database and predicted to be pathogenic based on PolyPhen-2, MutationTaster and PROVEAN analysis. As predicted by UCSF chimera and CASTp software, the variant can severely impact the substrate-binding pocket of histone acetyltransferase, resulting in loss of its enzymatic activity. Based on standards and guidelines by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, the variant was classified to be likely pathogenic (PS2+PM2+PP3). CONCLUSION The child's condition may be attributed to the de novo missense c.2623C>T (p.Asp875Tyr) variant of the KAT6B gene.
Blepharophimosis ; Child ; Congenital Hypothyroidism ; Facies ; Female ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Histone Acetyltransferases/genetics* ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability ; Joint Instability ; Mutation ; Phenotype

BACKGROUND: It has generally been proven that histone acetylation and deacetylation are involved in the malignant transformation. To date, however, this has rarely been studied in cases of malignant lymphoma. METHODS: We studied nine cases of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia, 78 cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), 13 cases of peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS), and 13 cases of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (NKTCL). Thus, we attempted to elucidate the associations of the degree of the expression of histone acetyltransferase 1 (HAT1), histone deacetylase (HDAC) 1, HDAC2, and HDAC3 with the clinical behaviors of above malignant lymphomas using the immunohistochemistry and a western blot analysis. RESULTS: The degree of the expression of HAT1 was higher in cases of DLBCL, PTCL-NOS or NKTCL as compared with reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (p<0.05). The degree of the expression of HAT1 was correlated with that of HDAC1 in cases of DLBCL or NKTCL (p<0.05). The degree of the expression of HAT1 and HDAC1 was correlated with a poor survival in cases of DLBCL or PTCL-NOS (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HAT1, HDAC1, and HDAC2 play a critical role in the development of malignant lymphomas. Both HAT1 and HDAC1 might be indicators for a poor prognosis in cases of DLBCL as cooperating factors.
Acetylation ; B-Lymphocytes ; Blotting, Western ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors ; Histone Deacetylases ; Histones ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lymphoma ; Lymphoma, B-Cell ; Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral ; Prognosis ; Pseudolymphoma