Lignin degradation products are toxic to microorganisms, which is one of the bottlenecks for fuel ethanol production. We studied the effects of phenolic ketones (4-hydroxyacetophenone, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-acetophenone and 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-acetophenone) derived from lignin degradation on ethanol fermentation of xylose and cellular lipid composition of Pichia stipitis NLP31. Ethanol and the cellular fatty acid of yeast were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Results indicate that phenolic ketones negatively affected ethanol fermentation of yeast and the lower molecular weight phenolic ketone compound was more toxic. When the concentration of 4-hydroxyacetophenone was 1.5 g/L, at fermentation of 24 h, the xylose utilization ratio, ethanol yield and ethanol concentration decreased by 42.47%, 5.30% and 9.76 g/L, respectively, compared to the control. When phenolic ketones were in the medium, the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids (UFA/SFA) of yeast cells was improved. When 1.5 g/L of three aforementioned phenolic ketones was added to the fermentation medium, the UFA/SFA ratio of yeast cells increased to 3.03, 3.06 and 3.61, respectively, compared to 2.58 of the control, which increased cell membrane fluidity and instability. Therefore, phenolic ketones can reduce the yeast growth, increase the UFA/SFA ratio of yeast and lower ethanol productivity. Effectively reduce or remove the content of lignin degradation products is the key to improve lignocellulose biorefinery.
Acetophenones ; chemistry ; Ethanol ; chemistry ; Fermentation ; Industrial Microbiology ; Ketones ; chemistry ; Lignin ; chemistry ; Lipids ; chemistry ; Phenols ; chemistry ; Pichia ; chemistry ; Xylose ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo study the stability and degradation kinetics of Ketoprofen-Paeonol conjugate (Ket-Pae).

METHODRP-HPLC method was used to determine the solubility and partition coefficient of Ket-Pae. Stability test was carried out to investigate the factors affecting Ket-Pae. The kinetic studies of Ket-Pae degradation were conducted in different pH buffer solutions and 80% rat plasma at 37 degrees C.

RESULTKet-Pae showed significant degradation phenomenon at high temperature. The solubility of Ket-Pae was decreased about 200 to 300 times compared with parent drugs in water while the lnP increased about 4 times. The degradation curve displayed a V-shape, and kept maximum stability at week acidic (pH 5.0, t(1/2) = 11.4 d). Ket-Pae degraded quickly with very short half life of 1.3 min in plasma, therefore easily released ketoprofen and paeonol.

CONCLUSIONThe lipophilicity of Ket-Pae is increased, its stability is affected by temperature and pH value.

Acetophenones ; chemistry ; Drug Stability ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Ketoprofen ; chemistry ; Kinetics ; Solubility

This article analyzed the quality control of 35 preparations with cortex moutan in volume I pharmacopoeia of People' s Republic of China (2005 edition). The result showed that only 11 preparations selected paeonol in cortex moutan as one of their quality indexes, the others selected other components or none as index. Via discussing problems on quality control in preparations with cortex moutan, it gave some suggestions on index selection for quality control and method selection for the determination of paeonol in preparations with cortex moutan, and provided some references for the revision of pharmacopoeia of People's Republic of China (2005 edition I ).
Acetophenones ; chemistry ; China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; standards ; Paeonia ; chemistry ; Quality Control

To prepare Helix aspersa muller-paeonol nanogel( PAE-HAM-Gels) with anti-proliferative scar effect,evaluate its skin penetration,retention and irritation,and to investigate its prevention and treatment effect for hypertrophic scar in rabbit ears. The dermal retention,transdermal rate and cumulative permeability of paeonol were investigated in vitro by using the modified Franz diffusion cell and the abdominal skin of suckling pigs,SD rats and KM mice,respectively,and the in vitro permeation curves were drawn. The normal skin of the back of New Zealand rabbits was continuously treated with PAE-HAM-Gels for 7 days,and the physiological state of the skin was observed under light microscope after HE staining by using homologous left and right contrast method. The hypertrophic scar model in rabbit ears was established,and the New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into blank group,model group,positive drug group,PAE-Gels group and PAE-HAM-Gels group. After 28 days of administration,the scar hyperplasia rate and scar elevation index( SEI) of each group were calculated; the scar tissues were taken and stained with Masson for observation of collagen fibers and muscle fibers hyperplasia under light microscope,and the expression level of TGF-β1 in each group was detected. The Qnof PAE-HAM-Gels in aqueous solution was in line with the Higuchi equation,and its transdermal rate,cumulative permeation and dermal retention in different animal skins were all higher than those of PAE-Gels. The skin of the drug-administered group was intact,without erythema,edema or other phenomena; under light microscope,the subcutaneous tissue and the epidermal cells were neatly arranged with uniform thickness,which showed no difference from the blank group. The scar hyperplasia rate of the PAE-HAM-Gels group was 62. 50%; SEI was 2. 17±0. 33 and TGF-β1 was( 815. 4±34. 69) ng·L~(-1),significantly different from those in model group( P<0. 01). Masson staining showed that as compared with the model group,the number of collagen fibers and muscle fibers was small and the arrangement was loose and tidy in the PAE-HAM-Gels group,with regular arrangement of chondrocytes and a small number of inflammatory cells and microvessels.PAE-HAM-Gels have good transdermal properties and dermal retention without skin irritation,offering a promising therapeutic strategy for transdermal delivery during the prevention and treatment of hypertrophic scar in rabbit ears.
Acetophenones/chemistry* ; Animals ; Cicatrix, Hypertrophic ; Ear ; Mice ; Nanogels/chemistry* ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Swine

Moutan Cortex(MC) residues produced after the extraction of MC can be re-extracted for active components and used to produce organic fertilizer and animal feed. However, they are currently disposed as domestic waste, which pollutes the environment. This study analyzed the chemical composition of the medicinal material, residues, and residue compost of MC by UPLC-UV-Q-TOF-MS. Furthermore, the nutrient composition of MC residues and the residue compost was analyzed. The results showed that:(1)MC residues had lower content of chemicals than the medicinal material, and content of paeonol, gallic acid, and galloylglucose in MC residues were about 1/3 of that in the medicinal material. The content of chemicals were further reduced after residue composting, and the quantitative compounds were all below the limits of detection.(2)Compared with MC residues, the residue compost showed the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, and organic matter content increasing by 122.67%, 31.32%, 120.39%, and 32.06%, respectively. Therefore, we concluded that the MC residues can be used to re-extract active compounds such as paeonol, gallic acid, and galloylglucose. The MC residue compost is a high-quality organic fertilizer containing minimal content of chemicals and can be widely used in the cultivation of Chinese medicinal herbs.
Animals ; Composting ; Fertilizers ; Soil/chemistry* ; Hydrolyzable Tannins ; Nutrients ; Acetophenones ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Paeonia

OBJECTIVETo establish a HPLC method for determination two constituents in bark of Paeonia Suffuticosa.

METHODThe reversed phase HPLC system consisting of an Alltima ODS column (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 microm) and a mixture of water-THF-methanol-HAc (60:20:20:0.05) as the mobile phase was used. The flow rate was 0.8 mL x min(-1) and UV detection was set at 274 nm.

RESULTThe assay displayed good linearity over the concentration ranges of 0.06-1.0 microg (r = 0.999 9, gallic acid) and 0.16-2.58 microg (r = 0.999 9, paeonol) respectively. The average recoveries (n = 9) of gallic acid and paeonol were 98.6% (RSD = 3.0%), 98.2% (RSD = 2.5%), respectively. The samples were extracted with methanol for 24 h bu maceration.

CONCLUSIONThe method is simple, accurate and can be used for the quality study of bark of P. suffruticosa.

Acetophenones ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Gallic Acid ; analysis ; Paeonia ; chemistry ; Plant Bark ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Quality Control

OBJECTIVETo establish a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) amalgamated to double UV waves method for simultaneous determination of loganin and paeonol in Liuwei Dihuang pills.

METHODA HPLC method was developed. The separation was carried out on a Agilent Zorbax SB C18 column (5 microm, 4.6 mm x 250 mm). The mobile phase consisted of water (A) and acetonitrile (B) with linear linear gradient elution [0-8 min, (B) from 1% to 12%; 8-21 min, B keep 12%; 21-40 min, (B) from 12% to 90%; 40-50 min, B keep 90% for 10 min]. The detection was Photodiode Array with the detection wavelengths were at 236 nm and 274 nm. The column temperature being 30 degrees C and the flow rate was 1.0 mL min(-1). Extracting the chromatergraph from 274 nm and 236 nm, we amalgamated the two chromatographs by matlab programmed.

RESULTThe calibration curves of loganin and paeonol were linear in the ranges of 0.0362-1.09 microg (r =0. 9998) and 0.0450-1.35 microg (r =0.9998), respectively. The average recoveries of loganin and paeonol were 97.3% (RSD 1.4 %) and 103.0% (RSD 1.9%), respectively. Three different batches of Liuwei Dihuang pills were determined with this method.

CONCLUSIONThis is a more convenient, reasonable and credible quality control method for the traditional Chinese medicine.

Acetophenones ; chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Iridoids ; chemistry ; Reproducibility of Results ; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet

OBJECTIVETo obtain the optimized extraction technology of Paeonia suffruticosa by comparing several extraction method.

METHODExtract P. suffruticosa by ethanol circumfluence, distillation-decoction, CO2-SFE and traditional decoction, and analyse the results according to the total extraction rate, extraction rate of paeono, extraction of other ingredients and production feasibility.

RESULTTotal extraction rates of which are 12.66%, 13.51%, 7.28%, 7.56% respectively; extraction rates of paeonol are 2.45%, 2.26%, 0.31%, 1.15% in turn; Phenolic glycosides can be extracted by ethanol circumfluence, distillation-decoction, traditional decoction, but not by CO2-SFE.

CONCLUSIONDistillation-decoction is the most proper extraction technology of P. suffuticosa at present.

Acetophenones ; isolation & purification ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; Paeonia ; chemistry ; classification ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods

OBJECTIVETo study the optimization process of microwave-assisted extraction for active ingredients in different parts of TMC.

METHODUsing the uniform design, the optimization processes of microwave-assisted extraction for Flavonoids and Paneonolum in Bidens and Cortex Moutan were gained.

RESULTThe optimization process of extraction for Flavonoids in Bidens can be described as following: microwave power was 850 W, radiation time was 30 min, solvent concentration was 40%, solvent volume was 13 times as the proportion of raw material, and dipping time was 60 min. The optimization process of extraction for Paneonolum in Cortex Moutan has also been gained which could be shown as following: 340 W as microwave power, 20 min as radiation time, 85% as solvent concentration, 1:5 as the proportion of raw material to solvent, and 30 min as the dipping time.

CONCLUSIONThese can prove it reasonable to get active ingredients in Bidens and Cortex Moutan with microwave-assisted extraction technology.

Acetophenones ; isolation & purification ; Bidens ; chemistry ; Flavonoids ; isolation & purification ; Microwaves ; Paeonia ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Reproducibility of Results ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; instrumentation ; methods

OBJECTIVETo study on the effect of different processing methods on the contents of seven major constituents in wild and cultivated Paeonia lactiflora, gallic acid, catechin, albiflorin, paeoniflorin, pentagalloylglucose, benzoic acid and paeonol, in order to provide reference basis for different efficacy and formation mechanism of Paeonia Radix Rubra and Paeonia Radix Alba.

METHODWild and cultivated P. lactiflora were dealt with by four processing methods, direct drying, drying after boiling, drying after decorticating and boiling, and drying after boiling and decorticating. HPLC was use to simultaneously determine the contents of seven chemical constituents.

RESULTWild P. lactiflora showed notable higher content of paeoniflorin and catechin than cultivated P. lactiflora, whereas cultivated P. lactiflora showed higher content of albiflorin than wild P. lactiflora. Both of them were less affected by process methods in above three constituents. Drying after boiling, drying after decorticating and boiling, and drying after boiling and decorticating methods reduced the content of benzoic acid and paeonol to trace in both wild and cultivated P. lactiflora. Clustering analysis results showed that all processing methods assembled wild and cultivated P. lactiflora in 2 groups.

CONCLUSIONThe content differences of Paeonia Radix Rubra and Paeonia Radix Alba are mainly caused by their own differences and less affected by processing methods.

Acetophenones ; chemistry ; Benzoic Acid ; chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Cluster Analysis ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods ; Paeonia ; chemistry