The acetazolamide was prepared from hydrazine sulfate and ammonium or potasium thiocy anate via the hydrazodicarbothiamide and 2,2-diamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5, 5-disulfide (DTD). From DTD by acetylation, chlorosulfoxidation sulfonamidation, acetazolamide was obtained. The effects of the molecular of reagents, solvent, and catalysts and the reaction time were studied in order to find the best condition for synthesis of these compounds. We found acetone as a catalytic agent for preparation of hydrazodicacbo thiamide. The result showed that the yield increased by one and a half time more than that without acetone. We also exposed the explanation for the catalytic role of acetone on increasing the yield of hydrazodicarbothiamide preparation.
Acetazolamide ; Pharmaceutical Preparations

Although drug-induced transient myopia has been reported to be caused by the use of several drugs, it is very rare and the causes are still uncertain. A considerable literature has accumulated relating the occasional occurrence of myopia in patients receiving carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, especially acetazolamide. However the authors could not find any literature concerning transient myopia induced by dichlorphenamide. The authors reporthed here a case of transient myopia after dichlorphenamide in a patient with serous detachment of the macula with a review of the literatures.
Acetazolamide ; Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors ; Dichlorphenamide* ; Humans ; Myopia*

Although drug-induced transient myopia has been reported to be caused by the use of several drugs, it is very rare and the causes are still uncertain. A considerable literature has accumulated relating the occasional occurrence of myopia in patients receiving carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, especially acetazolamide. However the authors could not find any literature concerning transient myopia induced by dichlorphenamide. The authors reporthed here a case of transient myopia after dichlorphenamide in a patient with serous detachment of the macula with a review of the literatures.
Acetazolamide ; Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors ; Dichlorphenamide* ; Humans ; Myopia*

The purpose of this study was to invstigate the effect of acetazolamide and fluphenazine on the formation of CSF. Studis were performed in 12 cats those were divided into 2 groups;A-F group included animals received initial acetazolamide infusion and additional infusion of fluphenazine to the initial infusion and the F-A group for vice versa. The rate of CSF formation was measured at 3cm above zero outflow pressure by force transducer which connected to personal computer. After obtaining steady value of CSF formation rate, the drugs were infused intravenously according to the protocol. Base line CSF formation rate, 18.87+/-6.52 microliter/min. is reduced to 6.67+/-2.45 microliter/min after acetazolamide infusion and further reduced to 3.48+/-4.06 microliter/min after additional fluphenazine. In fluphenazine group, the base line CSF formation rate, 16.34+/-4.58 microliter/min is reduced to 9.63+/-4.58 microliter/min after initial infusion of fluphenazine and further to 6.45+/-3.64 microliter/min. after additional infusion of acetazolamide. Mean reduction of CSF formation after initial intravenous infusion of acetazolamide and fluphenazine were 59% and 37% respectively. Although statistically insignificant, the CSF formation reduction in A-F group revealed more even and profound value comparing with that of F-A group. These date suggest that in addition to the effect of acetazolamide to reduce the formation of CSF, some other mechanism may exist in CSF formation that major tranquilizer exert the effect on CSF formation.
Acetazolamide* ; Animals ; Cats ; Fluphenazine ; Infusions, Intravenous ; Microcomputers ; Transducers

OBJECTIVE: A greater reduction in cerebral blood flow has been shown in poor-grade patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The present study is designed to evaluate cerebral vasomotor reactivity(VMR) using a transcranial doppler(TCD) with acetazolamide(AZ) challenge in those patients and to investigate its predicting value for outcome. METHODS: Firstly, we compared the effect of AZ and most extensively using CO2 stimuli(breath-holding method) on middle cerebral artery flow velocity(FV) in the same control adults(n=12) to examine the reproducibility of AZ test. Secondly, the changes of FV of lesional and contralateral hemispheres after injection of AZ, which was measured one week after early surgery of poor-grade patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, were compared between patients who showed good outcome(Group 1, n=22) and poor outcome(Group 2, n=22). RESULTS: There was a close correlation between both stimulation methods, indicating a strong similarity of the vasodilatory effects of CO2 and AZ. The FV at rest(lesional: 71.5+/-38.6cm/s, contralateral: 49.4+/-22.6cm/s) increased significantly after administration of AZ(lesional: 90.5+/-40.1cm/s, contralateral: 66.5+/-25.4cm/s, P<0.01, Student's t test) in Group 1. However, all had an insignificant increase of FV after AZ challenge compared with the baseline values in Group 2. The difference between the values at rest and after AZ had an increasing tendency but it was not significant, between Group 1 and 2(repeated measures ANOVA, P=0.06). CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that the assessment of VMR by the change of FV using TCD together with AZ test in poor-grade patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage seems clinically helpful for predicting surgical outcome.
Acetazolamide* ; Aneurysm* ; Humans ; Middle Cerebral Artery ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage*

PURPOSE: This study is to determine whether topical dorzolamide and systemic acetazolamide have an additive effect on the changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with open angle glaucoma. METHODS: Twenty eyes of 10 patients being treated with only acetazolamide (Group 1) and 20 eyes of 10 patients being treated with only dorzolamide (Group 2) were included in this study. Dorzolamide was additionally applied three times a day to Group 1 and acetazolamide 250 mg three times a day was additionally given to Group 2. Changes in intraocular pressure and complications due to overdose of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) were checked 1, 2, and 4 weeks after the additional treatment. RESULTS: The IOP was reduced 1.0+/-2.9% (N=20) (p>0.05) from the baseline pressure checked before the additional treatment in Group 1 and 13.2+/-3.6% (N=16) (p<0.01) in Group 2. No significant complication due to CAI usage was observed. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with open angle glaucoma, combination therapy of systemic and topical CAIs was effective only when additional systemic CAI was given to the cases using topical agents.
Acetazolamide* ; Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure*

Four members of a family suffering from frequent attacks of flaccid paralysis with asymptomatic myotonia were evaluated. There was an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance and their earliest symptoms were noticed between 1-3 years of age. The plasma potassium level rised during the attack and an EMG demonstrated myotonic discharge. Treatment with acetazolamide was beneficial. These findings were consistent with adynamia episodica hereditaria. The clinical features and pathogenesis were also described.
Acetazolamide ; Humans ; Myotonia ; Paralysis ; Paralysis, Hyperkalemic Periodic* ; Plasma ; Potassium ; Wills

Aqueous humor resembles the serum in composition; its concentration of ascorbic acid, however, measuring to be 15 to 69 times higher (than that of serum) has been presumed to be one of the possible predisposing factors of developing glaucoma. The inhibitor of aqueous humor production, one of the current therapeutic measures of glaucoma has been reported to increase its concentration of ascorbic acid. The effects of Beta-blocker and Acetazolamide on the ascorbic acid concentration are evaluated in this study and further, 50 eyes of 50 cataract patients and 20 eyes of 20 glaucoma patients as the objects, the ascorbic acid concentration in aqueous humor is compared between these two groups under the same pre-set conditions of using the inhibitors. Beta-blocker and acetazolamide elevated the concentration of ascorbic acid by 7.5% and 10.7%, respectively and the combined administration of both resulted in a significant increase of 20.4% (p<0.05). The cataract and glaucoma patients under both medications showed concentrations of 284.7 microgram/ml and 267.3 microgram/ml, each, though, such a slight difference of figure implies no statistical significance. The ascorbic acid concentration in serum and its ratio of composition in aqueous humor and serum does not differ between the two groups. It's concentration in aqueous humor, however, showed a considerable individual variation which was especially remarkable in glaucoma patients. As the conclusion of above evaluations, either ascorbic acid has almost no effect on the pathogenesis of glaucoma or has a similar degree of influence on the pathogenesis of cataract and glaucoma with different mechanisms.
Acetazolamide* ; Aqueous Humor* ; Ascorbic Acid* ; Cataract ; Causality ; Glaucoma ; Humans

The glaucomatocyclitic crisis was first described by Posner and Schlossman in 1948, and belongs to the classification of secondary open angle glaucoma. It is unilateral and recurrent. and characterized by minimal inflammatory signs and symptoms. The inflammation may be confined to the trabecular mesh work. The facility of outflow reduced while attacks last from a few hours to over 2 weeks. Etiopathogenic nature of glaucomatocyclitic crisis is not clear but recently the role of allergy is suggested in this disease entity. A 35 year old man was found to have a glaucomatocyclitic crisis in his right eye that was treated with systemic diamox and topical corticosteroid.
Acetazolamide ; Adult ; Classification ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Inflammation

Authors have experienced 27 cases of traumatic hyphemas in our department for recent years. All the patients was taken systemic administration of Diamox as ocular hypotensives, prednisolone as anti-inflammatory agent and hemostatics, and antihistaminics for neutralize the histamin like substance which may emerge after vascular injury by trauma, without any surgical procedures or other medication. The result of treatment satisfactory as hyphemas were absorbed clerly within short period without any complication and visual deterioration.
Acetazolamide ; Hemostatics ; Humans ; Hyphema* ; Prednisolone ; Vascular System Injuries