Aviation medicine safeguards flight safety by addressing three critical areas: managing physiological challenges of the aviation environment, preventing in-flight medical incapacitation and ensuring psychological fitness for flight. The field adopts occupational medicine's hierarchy of risk control to mitigate physiological risks in the operating environment, while employing systematic medical screening with tailored standards based on operational requirements to reduce the likelihood of in-flight incapacitation. A comprehensive approach incorporating mental health education, support systems and regular monitoring helps prevent psychological incapacitation. Recent data from the Singapore Changi Aeromedical Centre reveal that ophthalmological, otolaryngological and respiratory conditions are the primary causes of medical disqualification during air force pilot screening, reflecting the unique physiological demands of military aviation. This review emphasises the ongoing challenge of balancing rigorous medical standards with maintaining an adequate pilot recruitment pool, while highlighting the need for evidence-based approaches to aeromedical assessment and certification.
Humans ; Aerospace Medicine/methods* ; Singapore ; Aviation ; Pilots ; Accidents, Aviation/prevention & control* ; Occupational Health ; Safety ; Occupational Medicine ; Military Personnel

Carbon dioxide is a simple asphyxial gas, with low concentrations having an excitatory effect on the respiratory center, while high concentrations have an inhibitory effect on the respiratory center. Simple carbon dioxide poisoning is rarely seen clinically. This article reviews and analyzes the treatment process of 9 cases of acute inhalation carbon dioxide poisoning in a cargo ship carbon dioxide leakage accident in May 2019, summarizes clinical treatment experience, and provides timely and effective treatment for acute pulmonary edema caused by acute inhalation carbon dioxide poisoning. In particular, the application of hormones has a good prognosis, improving clinicians' understanding of the disease.
Humans ; Carbon Dioxide ; Ships ; Accidents ; Pulmonary Edema ; Treatment Outcome ; Poisoning ; Accidents, Occupational

This article investigated an occupational chronic benzene poisoning incident that occurred in a sealing material factory in Hebei Province in September 2019, analyzed the clinical data of workers, to explore the causes of occupational chronic benzene poisoning, and summarize the diagnosis and treatment characteristics and treatment outcome. According to GBZ 68-2013 "Diagnosis of Occupational Benzene Poisoning", a total of 12 cases of occupational chronic benzene poisoning were diagnosed among the 20 workers, including 2 cases of occupational chronic mild benzene poisoning, 7 cases of moderate benzene poisoning, and 3 cases of severe benzene poisoning. Both mild and moderate poisoning patients had recovered after treatment. Severely poisoned patients had recovered more slowly, and the white blood cell count was still 2.0×10(9)-3.0×10(9)/L during the 1-year follow-up. This benzene poisoning incident was caused by illegal operations. The responsibility of the employer, the supervision of the administrative agency, and the awareness of personal protection of employees should be strengthened to avoid or reduce the occurrence of poisoning incidents and ensure the health of workers.
Accidents, Occupational ; Benzene/analysis* ; Chronic Disease ; Humans ; Leukocyte Count ; Occupational Diseases/epidemiology* ; Occupational Exposure/analysis* ; Poisoning

Hydrogen sulphide poisoning is an acute poisoning event that occurs frequently in summer. A case of acute hydrogen sulphide poisoning in a confined space in August 2018 was investigated and clinical data were analyzed. This is a typical case of acute hydrogen sulfide gas poisoning in a confined space. The main cause of the accident is the lack of occupational protection and illegal rescue. Among the 5 patients, 3 died, 1 patient had long-term sequelae of nervous system damage such as cortical blindness, and 1 patient was cured.
Accidents ; Accidents, Occupational ; Confined Spaces ; Gas Poisoning ; Humans ; Hydrogen Sulfide ; Poisoning

Introduction: Deaths due to occupation are estimated to be around 2.3 million globally. These deaths may be accounted for as accidents and injuries related to workplaces. The latter is a common problem, especially in developing countries where manual and hazardous tasks are prevalent. Objective: The study aimed to provide an updated and detailed information on the current statistics and trends of occupational injuries in the Philippines. Methods: The data on occupational injuries and related injuries from 2011 to 2017 (latest data) were based on a systematic and comprehensive review of literature from different national and international sources, including scholarly journals, peer-reviewed articles, national surveys by Philippine Statistics Authority, the hospital-based recording data: Online National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (ONEISS) by the Department of Health and other reliable electronic data related to occupational injury. The latest statistics are 2017, although data were published in 2018 and 2019. Results: This study obtained from the national statistics showed that there is generally a decreasing trend of occupation injuries from 2011 (46,655 cases) to 2017 (38,235 cases). However, the occupational injuries generally increased from 2011 (48,975 cases) to 2015 (20,961 cases). The most affected sector was the manufacturing industry consistently from 2011 to 2017. With regards to workdays lost, the most common cause from 2011 to 2017 is temporary incapacity. Superficial injuries and open wounds were the most common, resulting in workdays lost consistently from 2013 to 2017. For the hospital data, the top causes of occupational injuries were vehicular accidents. Open wound/lacerations, abrasions, and contusion were the most common types of injuries for the same year range. Moreover, the 20-59 years old, the working-age population, were the common victims of these injuries. Occupational injuries were also prevalent across all industry groups, including informal occupations such as workers engaged in transportation, construction, mining, and agriculture and fisheries industries. Conclusion Occupational injuries and accidents are global problems, most especially for developing countries. This study suggests that better focus should be given to workers as they are productive members of society.
Occupational Injuries ; Accidents, Occupational ; Occupational Diseases

BACKGROUND: The Japanese health and welfare industry has a shortage of professional caregivers, and work-related accidents and injuries among this group are therefore especially critical issues. This study aimed to examine the factors associated with turnover intentions and work-related injuries and accidents among professional caregivers in Japan. METHODS: Self-report questionnaires were distributed to care workers (N = 1396) at 26 geriatric-care facilities. The questionnaire addressed basic attributes, work and organizational characteristics, wage adequacy, and intrinsic motivations for work (e.g., "being suited to caring work"). Social-relational aspects of the work environment were assessed via three subscales of the Social Capital and Ethical Climate in the Workplace instrument (i.e., "Social Capital in the Workplace," "Exclusive Workplace Climate," and "Ethical Leadership"). Dependent variables were the experience of work-related accidents or injuries in the prior year and organizational and occupational turnover intentions. We used datasets of professional caregivers for analyses. RESULTS: The response rate was 68% (N = 949). Among the 667 professional caregivers, 63% were female. On multivariable logistic regression analysis for work-related accidents and injuries for each sex, those with higher scores for "being suited to caring work" were found to experience significantly fewer work-related accidents and injuries (odds ratio [OR] = 0.78, p < 0.01) among female caregivers. Male caregivers who perceived an exclusive workplace climate experienced more work-related accidents and injuries (OR = 1.61, p < 0.01). However, experience of work-related accidents and injuries did not show significant relationships with organizational and occupational turnover intentions. Additionally, "being suited to caring work" (OR = 0.73, p < 0.01) and ethical leadership (OR = 0.76, p < 0.05) were found to be negatively associated with organizational turnover intentions. "Being suited to caring work" (OR = 0.61, p < 0.01), inadequacy of wage (OR = 2.22, p < 0.05), and marital status (OR = 2.69, p < 0.01) were also associated with occupational turnover intentions of professional caregivers. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the need to foster intrinsic motivations for work as well as providing a supportive and ethical work environment to reduce high turnover rates and work-related injuries and accidents among professional caregivers.
Accidents, Occupational ; statistics & numerical data ; Adult ; Attitude of Health Personnel ; Caregivers ; psychology ; statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Intention ; Japan ; Job Satisfaction ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Occupational Injuries ; statistics & numerical data ; Personnel Turnover ; statistics & numerical data ; Self Report

BACKGROUND: Road traffic injury is one of the persistent public health challenges in most regions of the world, representing substantial human and economic losses. Annually, about 1.25 million lives are lost, whereas 50 million suffer from road traffic injuries globally. It has been shown that over 60% of the reasons for traffic injuries are a risky driving behavior (RDB). Despite the problem's pervasiveness, there is a paucity of information about level and factors influencing RDB among professional car drivers in Bahirdar city, northwest Ethiopia. METHODS: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February to March 2016. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select 376 participants. A self-administered driver behavior questionnaire (DBQ) was used for data collection. We performed a binary logistic regression analysis to investigate the associations of variables. Potential confounders were controlled using a multivariable logistic regression model. We ascertained the significance at < 0.05 p value and evaluated strength of associations using crude odds ratios (COR) and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: A total of 361 drivers participated (response rate, 96%). The mean age was 34 (standard deviations ± 7.97) years. The majority, 98.9% (N = 357), were males. The level of risky driving behavior and road traffic crashes were 79.4% (95% CI 75.92, 83.97) and 16.3% (95% CI 15.91, 24.84), respectively. Average monthly salary [AOR 2.04; 95% CI (1.23, 2.74)], driving experience [AOR 2.72; 95% CI (1.07, 6.89)], distance driven per year [AOR 2.06; 95% CI (1.13, 4.10)], and previous history of involvement in traffic crashes [AOR 2.30; 95% CI (1.15, 7.35)] were significantly associated with risky driving behavior. CONCLUSIONS The study shows that risky driving behavior is common among professional car drivers in the study setting. Therefore, it is strongly advisable for policy makers and other stake holders to devise strategies that consider working conditions, like monthly salary and driving experiences. The study also suggests that it is often advisable to reduce the distance driven per year and learn from implications of previous history of involvement in traffic crashes.
Accidents, Occupational ; statistics & numerical data ; Accidents, Traffic ; statistics & numerical data ; Adult ; Automobile Driving ; psychology ; statistics & numerical data ; Cities ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Ethiopia ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Risk Factors ; Risk-Taking ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVES: Occupational injuries are known to be the main adverse outcome of occupational accidents. The purpose of the current study was to identify control strategies to reduce the severity of occupational injuries in the mining industry using Bayesian network (BN) analysis.METHODS: The BN structure was created using a focus group technique. Data on 425 mining accidents was collected, and the required information was extracted. The expectation-maximization algorithm was used to estimate the conditional probability tables. Belief updating was used to determine which factors had the greatest effect on severity of accidents.RESULTS: Based on sensitivity analyses of the BN, training, type of accident, and activity type of workers were the most important factors influencing the severity of accidents. Of individual factors, workers' experience had the strongest influence on the severity of accidents.CONCLUSIONS: Among the examined factors, safety training was the most important factor influencing the severity of accidents. Organizations may be able to reduce the severity of occupational injuries by holding safety training courses prepared based on the activity type of workers.
Accidents, Occupational ; Bayes Theorem ; Focus Groups ; Mining ; Occupational Injuries

PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the influence of injury and/or injured area classification on depression in patients with industrial injuries. METHODS: The participants comprised438 patients who consented to participate and completed self-reported questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN version 22.0 for descriptive statistics, χ² test, fisher's exact test, ANOVA, and post-hoc Scheffé test. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to identify factors influencing depression. RESULTS: The results indicated that the effect of disease classification and injured areas on depression were significantly different in patients with industrial injuries. The results further showed that severe depression was significantly higher in cardiovascular patients and patients with an injured area of the head and waist. The most powerful predictor was age (50~59 years), return to work (reemployment), disease classification (cardiovascular), and injured area (head, including vascular disease). CONCLUSION: This study showed that the most influential variable of depression in patients with industrial injuries were cardiovascular issues, injury areas of the head and waist, being aged 50~59 years, and reemployment. To reduce depression in these patients, it is important to develop and implement a psychiatric rehabilitation program that helps patients to formulate a concrete plan and goal for recovery, enabling patients to actively engage in their rehabilitation.
Accidents, Occupational ; Classification ; Depression ; Head ; Humans ; Occupational Diseases ; Psychiatric Rehabilitation ; Rehabilitation ; Return to Work

OBJECTIVES: The Samsung Ombudsperson Commission was launched as an independent third-party institution following an agreement among Samsung Electronics, Supporters for Health and Right of People in Semiconductor Industry (Banolim in Korean, an independent NGO), and the Family Compensation Committee, in accordance with the industry accident prevention measure required by the settlement committee to address the issues related to employees who allegedly died from leukemia and other diseases as a result of working at Samsung's semiconductor production facilities. METHODS: The Commission has carried out a comprehensive range of activities to review and evaluate the status of the company's occupational accidents management system, as well as occupational safety and health risk management within its facilities. RESULTS: Based on the results of this review, termed a comprehensive diagnosis, the Commission presented action plans for improvement to strengthen the company's existing safety and health management system and to effectively address uncertain risks in this area going forward. CONCLUSIONS: The Commission will monitor the execution of the suggested tasks and provide advice and guidance to ensure that Samsung's semiconductor and liquid crystal display production lines are safer.
Accident Prevention ; Accidents, Occupational ; Compensation and Redress ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Korea ; Leukemia ; Liquid Crystals ; Occupational Diseases ; Occupational Health ; Risk Management ; Semiconductors