Among 8,796 patients seen in the department of ophthalmology Yonsei University Medical Center from August 1. 1965 to July 31, 1968 there were 1,919 who were seen because of refractive error. These were selected for classification and special statistical study. In 1962 we reported a similar study of 2,004 patients having errors in refraction among a total of 9,716 patients seen in the same department from August 1. 1958 to July 31. 1961. The findings of the more recently studied group are compared with the study made in 1962. 1. 1,919 out of 8.796 patients seen in the department of ophthalmology had errors in refraction (21.8%). 2. 2,932(76.3%) had refractive error of the myopic (including simple myopic astigmatism) type. 740(19.4%) were hyperopic (had simple hyperopic astigmatism). The others had a mixed astigmatism. 3. 56.5% of the total group studied had astigmatism. 4. The highest incidence of refractive errors was found between 11 and 20 years of age. The older patients had a low incidence. 5. There was no relationship between sex and the incidence of refractive error. 6. Among the total number of refractive errors 55.9% were found to be in myopic patients who had less than a -3.00 diopter error. 18.9% were found among hyperopic patients who had less than a +3.00 diopter error. 7. Among the three types of astigmatic errors seen 970 cases(44.7%) were "with the rule"; 864 cases(39.8%) were "against the rule"; and 336 cases (15.5%) were "oblique". 8. 9.6% of the total refractive errors were those of different types of anisometropia. The most commanly seen type was that of compound myopic anisometropia. The next type seen was compound hypo eropic anisometropia and the least frequently seen type was mixed anisometropia. 9. When the results of the present study were compared with those found in 1962 there were no significant differences found between the two groups.
Academic Medical Centers ; Anisometropia ; Astigmatism ; Classification ; Humans ; Incidence ; Ophthalmology ; Refractive Errors ; Statistics as Topic

Among 8, 350 patients seen in the department of ophthalmology, Yonsei University Medical Center from August 1, 1968 to July 31, 1971 there were 2,313 who were seen because of refractive error. These were selected for classification and special statistical study. We reported two similar studies of 2,004 patients having errors in refraction among a total of 9,716 patients seen from August 1, 1958 to July 31, 1961 and 1,919 patients having errors in refraction among a total of 8,796 patients from August 1, 1965 to July 31, 1968 seen in the same department in 1962 and 1968 respectively. The finding of the more recently studied groups are compared with the studies made in 1962 and 1968. 1. 2,313 out of 8,350 patients seen in the department of ophthalmology had errors in refraction (27.7%). 2. 2,949 cases (63.8%) had refractive errors of the myopic type. 626 cases (13.5%) were hyperopic. The others had a simple and a mixed astigmatism. 3. 61.2% of the total group studied had astigmatism. 4. The highest incidence of refractive errors was found between 11 and 20 years of age The older patients had a low incidence. 5. Among the total number of refractive errors 56.3% were found to be in myopic patients who had less than a -3.00 diopters error. 16.8% were found among hyperopic patients who had less than a +3.00 diopters error. 6. Among the three types of astigmatic error seen 1,507 cases (53.2%) were "with the rule", 872 cases (30.8%) were "against the rule", and 456 cases (16.0%) were "oblique". 7. 6.9% of the total refractive errors were those of different types of anisometropia. The most commonly seen type was that of compound myopic anisometropia. The next type seen was simple myopic anisometropia and the least frequently seen type was compound hyperopic anisometropia. 8. When the results of the present study were compared with those found in 1962 and 1968 there are no significant difference between these three groups.
Academic Medical Centers ; Anisometropia ; Astigmatism ; Classification ; Humans ; Incidence ; Ophthalmology ; Refractive Errors ; Statistics as Topic

OBJECTIVE: With the increased use of interspinous spacers in the treatment of lumbar stenosis, knowledge of the geometry of the interspinous space is important. To prevent dislodgment of an interspinous spacer, the accurate depth and width of the interspinous space needs to be established to facilitate the best intraoperative selection of correct spacer size. METHODS: To determine the depth and width of the interspinous space, two methods are available which utilize plain film and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Data analysis of the interspinous depth and width was undertaken in 100 patients. RESULTS: The standard deviations were variable, since skin thickness (zone 1) was altered by sex and age. The difference in the zone 1 distance between adjacent interspinous processes varied according to gender (p<0.05), but was not influenced by age [p=0.32 by analysis of variance between groups (ANOVA)]. Zone 2, the supraspinous, and zone 3, the interspinous ligament depths, comprise the operative working area during insertion of an interspinous spacer. There were no differences with regard to gender or age (p>0.05). For zones 6 and 7, the interspinous distances at the narrowest and widest points, respectively, were found to decrease with the aging process, but the decrease was not statistically significant. There were no differences with regard to gender (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: This study provides additional information on the interspinous space. This statistical data are valuable for use in the design of interspinous spacers.
Academic Medical Centers* ; Aging ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Humans ; Ligaments ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Skin ; Statistics as Topic

The objective of this research was to compare the flushing effects using 1:1,000 diluted heparin or 0.9% normal saline in relation to needle gauge and frequency of IV medications. The comparative categories were clotting, duration of patency, and incidence of phlebitis. The design of research was a Nonequivalent Control group, Post test, Nonsynchrorized Design. The independent variable was 0.9% normal saline flushing the IV locks and the dependent variables were clotting, duration of patency, and incidence of phlebitis. Subjects were medical-surgical inpatients over 15 years old and with peripherally placed IVs who were hospitalized in a university medical center. Exclusion criteria included foreigners and those who were rejected for this research. The final sample for data analysis included 295 IV sites in 194 patients; 154 were in the saline group and 141 were in the heparin group. Subjects were assigned to have IV locks is flushed with 0.9% normal saline in the experimental group and to have IV lock flushed with 1:1,000 diluted heparin(100 units) in the control group. In order to increase reliability, the nurses who were assigned to the units involved in the study received an explanation on the standard method for locking an IV, recording method for observational data and criteria for the detection of phelbitis. Data were collected for a period of 2 weeks, from March 16, 2000 to March 29, 2000. Total duration of IV was defined the time of IV insertion to the time of discontinuation. Phlebitis was defined as the presence of the following : pain, swelling, erythema at the insertion site. Chi-square was used to determine the association between the degree of clotting, duration of patency, and incidence of phlebitis for the diluted heparine or the normal saline and needle gauge and frequency of IV medications. The results are summarized as follows : (a) There was difference in the degree of clotting between two groups(x2=5.882, p=.015). (b) There was no difference in the degree of duration of patency between two groups(x2=2.439, p=.295). (c) There was no difference in the incidence of phlebits between two groups(x2=0.190, p=.663). (d) There was difference in the degree of clotting(x2=6.209, p=.013) and in the degree of duration of patency(x2=6.978, p=.031) according the needle guage between the two groups. (e) There was difference in the incidence of phlebitis(x2=5.008, p=.025) according to the frequencies of IV injection between two groups.
Academic Medical Centers ; Adolescent ; Emigrants and Immigrants ; Erythema ; Flushing ; Heparin* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Inpatients ; Needles ; Phlebitis ; Statistics as Topic

BACKGROUND: Irradiated blood is used to prevent transfusion-associated graft-versus host disease in high risk patients. The guidelines for usage of irradiated blood components vary from one country to other according to their needs. But in Korea, little information is available on the current usage of and the guidelines for irradiated blood. Therefore, we analyzed the usage of irradiated blood components in Hanyang University Medical Center. METHODS: Medical records were reviewed for 187 patients who had been transfused with irradiated blood products during the period from January 2004 to June 2005. And we investigated the proportion of irradiated blood products among the total number of blood products that were transfused during a one-year period. RESULTS: Hematologic diseases and solid cancer patients comprised 63.7% and 24.6% respectively. The proportion of irradiated blood products among the total blood components were 25.7% of platelet concentrates, 61.4% of apheresis platelets, and 5.1% of packed red cells. Total transfused amount by disease categories and the average transfused units per patient of irradiated blood components were high in a group of patients with several hematologic diseases such as acute leukemia. CONCLUSIONS: The use of irradiated blood components takes a great proportion in total blood product transfusions and the majority of blood components were transfused to a group of patients with a few hematologic diseases. The proper use of blood should be guided by the promotion and education of a modified usage protocol for irradiated blood products and by a continuous data analysis.
Academic Medical Centers ; Blood Component Removal ; Blood Platelets ; Education ; Hematologic Diseases ; Humans ; Korea ; Leukemia ; Medical Records ; Statistics as Topic

PURPOSE: This study was correlation study to identify the factors influencing sleep quality, fatigue, and postnatal depression in mothers who have given birth during the past 6 months. METHODS: The study was conducted using a survey with questionnaires to 329 mothers who visited E University Medical Center, or three local clinics located in D city, between August and October 2013. Collected data were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 20.0 program. RESULTS: Out of 329 subjects, 18.2% showed that they had mild postnatal depression whereas 24.3% had severe postnatal depression. Accordingly, 42.5% reported having postnatal depression. Postnatal depression had a significant correlation with sleep hours after childbirth (r=-.16, p=.003), spousal support (r=-.28, p<.001), sleep quality (r=-.35, p<.001), physical fatigue (r=.66, p<.001), psychological fatigue (r=.69, p<.001), and neurosensory fatigue (r=.56, p<.001). Factors influencing postnatal depression include psychological fatigue, sleep quality, number of child births, and neurosensory fatigue, and these accounted for 53% of postnatal depression. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that factors influencing postnatal depression involve psychological fatigue, sleep quality, number of child births, and neurosensory fatigue. Therefore for nursing intervention for postpartum mothers, it is necessary to assess the level of depression, fatigue, and sleep quality, and to provide interventions to relieve depression.
Academic Medical Centers ; Child ; Depression ; Depression, Postpartum* ; Fatigue* ; Female ; Humans ; Mothers* ; Nursing ; Parturition ; Postpartum Period ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Statistics as Topic

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of and the sociodemographic risk factors for depressive symptoms among inpatients with chronic diseases who completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) conducted by a social work department at university medical centers. METHODS: In 2015, PHQ-9 data were collected from six medical centers affiliated with Hallym University Medical Center. The sample comprised 517 inpatients aged 18 years or over with chronic diseases. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, simple logistic regression, and multiple logistic regression were used for data analyses. RESULTS: The prevalence of depressive symptoms among inpatients with chronic diseases was 31.7 percent. The results of the simple and multiple logistic regressions showed that the single/widowed/divorced/separated group was at higher risk for depressive symptoms than married inpatients. Having a religion or being unemployed also increased the risk of depressive symptoms among the respondents. CONCLUSIONS: Findings of this study emphasize the importance of systematic depressive symptom management for inpatients with chronic diseases.
Academic Medical Centers ; Chronic Disease ; Depression ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Logistic Models ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Social Work ; Statistics as Topic ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Hyperhidrosis is a disorder of perspiration in excess of the body's physiologic need and significantly impacts one's occupational, physical, emotional, and social life. The purpose of our study was to investigate the characteristics of primary hyperhidrosis in 255 patients at Ajou University Hospital Hyperhidrosis Center from March 2006, to February 2008. Information collected from the medical records was: sex, sites of hyperhidrosis, age at visit, age of onset, aggravating factors, hyperhidrosis disease severity scale (HDSS) rank, family history, occupation, and past treatment. A total of 255 patient records were reviewed; 57.6% were male. Patients with a family history (34.1%) showed a lower age of onset (13.21+/-5.80 yr vs. 16.04+/-9.83 yr in those without family history); 16.5% had previous treatment, most commonly oriental medicine. Palmar and plantar sites were the most commonly affected, and 87.9% of patients felt their sweating was intolerable and always interfered with their daily activities. Our study provides some original information on the Korean primary hyperhidrosis population. Patients who have a family history show signs of disease in early age than those without family history.
Academic Medical Centers/statistics & numerical data ; Adult ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease/*epidemiology/*genetics ; Hospitalization/*statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Hyperhidrosis/*epidemiology/*genetics ; Incidence ; Male ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify stress, fatigue, and self efficacy in patients on dialysis and identify their effect on quality of life. METHOD: The participants (n=149) who agreed to participate in the research were selected from among those who were on dialysis treatment at C University Medical Centers in Seoul and Inchon, and at C University Medical Center in Jeju. The data were collected from July, 2001 to March, 2002 using interviews. Data analysis was done with t-test, ANOVA, and multiple stepwise regression using the SAS program. RESULT: Quality of life was significantly different according to economic status, and type of dialysis. Quality of life for the group with higher economic status was better than for the group with lower economic status, and the group on peritoneal dialysis had higher quality of life scores than the group on hemodialysis. As for self-efficacy, there were significant difference according to duration of disease, type of dialysis, and duration of dialysis. Stress was significantly different according to marital status. Quality of life was significantly predicted by stress (40.02%) and fatigue (3.85%). CONCLUSION: To improve quality of life for people on dialysis, their stress should be treated positively, also multi-dimensional nursing interventions to provide emotional support and nursing interventions to diminish fatigue are required.
Academic Medical Centers ; Dialysis* ; Fatigue ; Humans ; Incheon ; Marital Status ; Nursing ; Peritoneal Dialysis ; Quality of Life* ; Renal Dialysis ; Self Efficacy ; Seoul ; Statistics as Topic

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to analyze comorbidity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by using association rule mining (ARM). METHODS: We used data from patients who visited Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center from 1996 to 2007. Of 411,414 total patients, T2DM was present in 20,314. The Dx Analyze Tool was developed for data cleansing and data mart construction, and to reveal associations of comorbidity. RESULTS: Eighteen associations reached threshold (support, > or = 3%; confidence, > or = 5%). The highest association was found between T2DM and essential hypertension (support, 17.43%; confidence, 34.86%). Six association rules were found among three comorbid diseases. Among them, essential hypertension was an important node between T2DM and stroke (support, 4.06%; confidence, 8.12%) as well as between T2DM and dyslipidemia (support, 3.44%; confidence, 6.88%). CONCLUSIONS: Essential hypertension plays an important role in the association between T2DM and its comorbid diseases. The Dx Analyze Tool is practical for comorbidity studies that have an enormous clinical database.
Academic Medical Centers/statistics & numerical data ; Algorithms ; Case-Control Studies ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Comorbidity ; Data Mining/*statistics & numerical data ; Databases, Factual/statistics & numerical data ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*epidemiology ; Dyslipidemias/epidemiology ; Humans ; Hypertension/epidemiology ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Stroke/epidemiology