Objective:To understand the progress in AIDS/HIV research over the last 10 years through a bibliometric approach.Methods:The literatures were searched in Web of Science citation database(1996-2005)using the following terms:"HIV*"or"AIDS"or"human immunodeficiency virus*"or"acquired immune deficiency syndrome".The searching results were analyzed by the Derwent Analytics software concerning the article numbers and the total citations by countries,institutes and authors,and AIDS/HIV magazine distribution,in an effort to discover AIDS/HIV research progress in and outside China in recent years.Results:The annual numbers(about 12000)of AIDS/HIV articles published in Web of Science had little change from 1996 to 2005.The U.S.played a leading role the AIDS/HIV research in the world;China has made a great progress in AIDS/HIV research in the recent years,but still lagging far behind western countries like the U.S.,England, France,Italy,German,etc.The etiology,pathogenesis of AIDS,the HIV coreceptors(CXCR4 and CCRS),and HIV drugs and vaccines were the focuses of AIDS/HIV research in the world in the recent years;meanwhile,the isolation,purification and function of antiviral and antifungal proteins from plants,HIV coreceptors(CXCR4 and CCR5),and APOBEC3G protein were the focuses in China.Conclusion:Due to the worldwide epidemic of AIDS/HIV and the increasing attention from scientists,the prevention and treatment of AIDS/HIV had been a research focus in recent years.The research of AIDS/HIV in China has been progressing rapidly,but still lagging behind its international peers.The research contents and focuses of China are different from the international ones.

Objective:To study the recycling technique for used nuclear-medicine tracer oxygen-18 water.Methods:A small-scale purification device for wasted oxygen-18 water was built.Six processes,including cotton core filtration,active carbon adsorption,ultraviolet oxidation,anti-osmosis filtration,ion exchange,and simple evaporation,were included in the device.Totally 10.5 kg experimental samples were evenly divided into 21 portions.Three portions of the samples were treated by each of the above 6 processes for 5 cycles by dosing pump.The electrical conductivity,TOC(total organic carbon), enrichment of oxygen-18 water,and the material consumption,were statistically analyzed after each recycling.Results:Samples were greatly consumed in the anti-osmosis filtration process and the enrichment of oxygen-18 in the ion exchange process dropped markedly;therefore,the above 2 processes were ruled out for the recycling.Though sample consumption was higher in the initial steps of cotton core filtration and active carbon adsorption,but was lower in the latter steps.Samples were hardly consumed in ultraviolet oxidation and simple evaporation;meanwhile,these processes had little influence on enrichment of isotope oxygen-18.The suitable processes for wasted oxygen-18 water purification were cotton core filtration,active carbon adsorption,ultraviolet oxidation,and simple evaporation.The 4 suitable steps were used for 1500 g samples.The conductance value of the resultant samples(1341 g)was(2.22?0.03)?S/cm,the TOC was(0.86?0.01)mg/L,and the enrichment was (32.44?0.04)atom%(dropped by 2.56%),with the sample consumption rate being 10.6%.Conclusion:Cotton core filtration,active carbon adsorption,ultraviolet oxidation,and simple evaporation can basically meet the demand for recycling oxygen-18 water.

Objective:To prepare arsenic trioxide(As_2O_3)albumin microspheres and to analyze their physicochemical properties and in vitro antitumor activities.Methods:As_2O_3 albumin microspheres were prepared by emulsification-heat solidification.Physicochemical and the slow-release properties of the microspheres were identified by the electron microscope, thermal stabilization analysis and dynamic dialysis system in vitro.MTT method was used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of the released fluid on human osteosarcoma cell line U-2 OS cells and human lung adenocarcinoma cell line SPC-A-1 cells.Results: The mean diameter of the microspheres was(156?3.56)?m(ranging 56.4-256.7?m),with the As_2O_3 content being (55.22?11.19)% and t_(1?2)of release time being 23.34 h.The slowly released fluid showed a significant inhibitory effect on U- 2 OS and SPC-A-1 cells.Conclusion:As_2O_3 albumin microspheres prepared in the present study have satisfactory physicochemical,slow-releasing,and tumor-inhibition properties.

Interaction between drug and protein is a major research field of life science.This article reviews the methods used in related research in the past 5 years,including spectroscopy,equilibrium dialysis,ultrafiltration,microdialysis method, capillary electrophoresis,NMR,X-ray diffraction,electrochemical,affinity chromatography,HPFA,HPLC,etc.It has been showed that combined usages of several technologies are always needed to elucidate an interaction between drug and protein.

Objective:Clonidine,by activating peripheral?-adrenoceptors,produces transient pressor response after i.v. injection in anesthetized animals.Moxonidine,with at least 40-fold higher affinity to I_1-imidazoline receptors than to?_2-adreno- ceptors,produces also a transient pressor response.This work was designed to investigate whether I_1-imidazoline receptors are involved in this pressor effect of moxonidine.Methods:Female spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHRs,aged 14-16 weeks) were anesthetized with urethane.To observe the transient pressor responses,moxonidine 0.1,0.3,1.0 mg/kg(intravenous, i.v.),2.0?g(intracerebroventricular,i.c.v.)and 1.0,10.0 mg/kg(intragastric,i.g.)were administrated in different groups of rats.To evaluate the roles of?_1-adrenoceptors,?_2-adrenoceptors and I_1-imidazoline receptors in the transient pressor responses to moxonidine,prazosin(10.0?g/kg),yohimbine(2.0 mg/kg),phentolamine(0.2 mg/kg),idazoxan(1.0 mg/kg) or yohimbine+idazoxan(2.0 mg/kg+1.0 mg/kg)were intravenously given to the animals before moxonidine 0.3 mg/kg (i.v.).Results:It was found that i.v.moxonidine produced a greater pressor response than clonidine when producing a similar reduction of blood pressure.This effect of moxonidine was not influenced by prazosin,but was partly inhibited by yohimbine, phentolamine or idazoxan,and completely blocked by the combination of yohimbine and idzaxon.Neither i.c.v.injection nor i.g.administration of moxonidine induced transient pressor responses.Conclusion:The transient pressor response of i.v.mox- onidine is mediated by both peripheral I_1-imidazoline receptors and?_2-adrenoceptors.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of mustard gas on reproductive system in rats.Methods:Forty male SD rats and 40 female rats were equally divided into mustard gas-treated group and control group.Animals in mustard gas-treated group were injected with 5 mg?kg body weight(LD_(50))of mustard gas,and those in control group received propylene glycol injection.Serum hormonal determinations(estriol,testosterone,luteinizing hormone,follicle-stimulating hormone)were completed by collecting ocular vein blood at 1 day,3 days,5 days,7 days and 28 days after injection.The rats were then killed were anatomized.Microscope was used to observe pathological changes in germ cells(ovary or testes).Two female rats and 3 male rats died during 4th and 5th day after injection.Results: The changes of serum hormone and pathology nearly restored to the normal levels in the female rats after injection of mustard gas for a short period.Most of the spermatogenic cells were still necrotic and seminiferous tubules still had hollow cross 1 month after injection in male rats.The FSH levels in the sera of male rats were significangtly increased from(1.2100?0.3546)mmol/L in control group to (1.4750?0.0451)mmol/L 28 days after injection(P

Objective:To study the treatment outcome of percutaneous image-guided radiofrequency ablation(RFA)for larger hepatocellular carcinomas(with the maximal diameter longer than 4 cm)and to summarize our experience.Methods:From December,1999 to March,2007,441 patients with larger hepatocellular carcinomas,who had missed the best time for surgery, received RFA treatment in our department.The maximal diameter of the tumor was 4-8.2 cm,with a mean of(4.6?0.63)cm. The patients were followed up and the necrosis of the tumor,complication,local recurrence and survival of patients were observed.Results:The complete necrosis rate of tumors was 72.9%.The rate of RFA-associated complication was 20.9% and the rate of severe complication was 9.5%.Seven patients died of RFA.Valid follow-up data of 359 patients were obtained, including 379 tumors with diameter longer than 4 cm.A total of 302 tumors were completely necrotic and 130 of them had recurrence,with a recurrence rate of 43.0%.For patients with a tumor diameter of 4-5 cm,the 1-year,3-year,and 5-year survival rates were 78.2%,48.1%s,and 17.6%,respectively,with a median survival period of 27 months;for patients with a tumor diameter of 5-6 cm,the rates were 66.3%,36.4% and 9.7%,respectively,with a median survival period of 18 months;for patients with a tumor diameter longer than 6 cm,the rates were 53.6%,28.1%,and 0,respectively,with a median survival period of 11 months.Conclusion:RFA is an effective treatment for patients with larger HCC who are not suitable for surgery,but the patients should be selected according to the indications.

Objective:To investigate the effect of the ERK1/2 signal-transduction pathway on differentiation of rat mesencephalic neural stem cells(NSCs)in presence of bone marrow stromal cell-conditioned medium(BMSCs-CM)in vitro.Methods:NSCs were cultured on poly-L-lysine(PLL)coated 35 mm dishes.The neurospheres adhered to the bottom 30 min later;then the culture medium of natural differentiation group was replaced by neurobasal medium containing 2% B27;the control group was replaced with BMSCs- CM;and the inhibition group was replaced with BMSCs-CM containing PD98059(5?mol/L).The proportions of neurons and astrocytes and their morphological difference were observed by immunocytochemistry technique 7 d later.Results:We successfully cultured NSCs from adult rat BMSCs-CM.The proportion of neurons in the natural differentiation group(15.70?10.3)% was lower than that in the control group([51.17?10.30]%,P

0.05).Conclusion:The diabetes itself does not affect the sulfonylurea receptor(SUR2)expression in myocardial tissues.Sulfonylureas at treatment dosage have no effect on receptor expression of SUR2.

Objective:To investigate the effect of arterial baroreflex(ABR)on survival rate of rats with cecal ligation and puncture(CLP)-induced sepsis.Methods:Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 2 groups:sham-operated rats(n=22)and sinoaortic denervated(SAD)rats(n=22).Four weeks after SAD rats were subjected to CLP-induced sepsis,the blood pressure and heart period(HP)were monitored for 12 hours in conscious state and the survival of rats was observed.Results:Both the diastolic and systolic blood pressue gradually decreased after CLP;the HP shortened first and then drastically prolonged until the death of rats.At 12 h after CLP the survival rate of SAD rats was lower than that of the sham-operated rats(59% vs 86%).Significant differences were found between the Kaplan-Meier survival curves of the rats in 2 groups(P