OBJECTIVETo study the relationship between early spontaneous abortion and living environment, and explore the risk factors of spontaneous abortion.

METHODSWe conducted analysis based on the interview of 200 spontaneous abortion cases and the matched control (age +/- 2 years) by using multifactor Logistic regression analysis.

RESULTSThe proportions of watching TV > or =10 hours/week, operating computer > or =45 hours/week, using copycat, microwave oven and mobile phone, electromagnetism equipment near the dwell or work place, e. g. switch room < or =50 m and launching tower < or =500 m in the cases are significantly higher than those in the controls in single factor analysis (all P < 0.05). After adjusted the effect of other risk factors by multifactor analysis, using microwave oven and mobile phone, contacting abnormal smell of fitment material > or =3 months, having emotional stress during the first term of pregnancy and spontaneous abortion history were significantly associated with risk of spontaneous abortion. The odds ratios of these risk factors were 2.23 and 4.63, respectively.

CONCLUSIONUsing microwave oven and mobile phone, contacting abnormal smell of fitment material > or =3 months, having emotional stress during the first term of pregnancy, and spontaneous abortion history are risk factors of early spontaneous abortion.

Abortion, Spontaneous ; etiology ; Environment ; Female ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Risk Factors

BACKGROUNDEarly embryonic developmental arrest is the most commonly understudied adverse outcome of pregnancy. The relevance of intrauterine infection to spontaneous embryonic death is rarely studied and remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between intrauterine bacterial infection and early embryonic developmental arrest.

METHODSEmbryonic chorion tissue and uterine swabs for bacterial detection were obtained from 33 patients who underwent artificial abortion (control group) and from 45 patients who displayed early embryonic developmental arrest (trial group).

RESULTSIntrauterine bacterial infection was discovered in both groups. The infection rate was 24.44% (11/45) in the early embryonic developmental arrest group and 9.09% (3/33) in the artificial abortion group. Classification analysis revealed that the highest detection rate for Micrococcus luteus in the early embryonic developmental arrest group was 13.33% (6/45), and none was detected in the artificial abortion group. M. luteus infection was significantly different between the groups (P < 0.05 as shown by Fisher's exact test). In addition, no correlation was found between intrauterine bacterial infection and history of early embryonic developmental arrest.

CONCLUSIONSM. luteus infection is related to early embryonic developmental arrest and might be one of its causative factors.

Abortion, Induced ; statistics & numerical data ; Abortion, Spontaneous ; etiology ; microbiology ; Bacterial Infections ; complications ; Female ; Humans ; Micrococcus luteus ; pathogenicity ; Pregnancy ; Uterus ; microbiology

OBJECTIVETo explore the relationship between spontaneous miscarriage and chromosomal aberrations identifiable with chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA).

METHODSA total of 440 product-of-conceptions were collected for the CMA testing.

RESULTSFour hundred and seventeen of 440 specimens (94.7%) were successfully detected, among which 209 (50.1%) were chromosomal abnormalities. One hundred and twenty-nine (61.7%) of the 209 specimens were numerical chromosomal abnormalities, 40 specimens (19.1%) were structural anomalies, 38 specimens (18.1%) were mosaicisms, and 2 specimens (1.0%) showed regions of homozygosity.

CONCLUSIONCMA analysis of products of-conception specimens can yield a higher diagnostic rate than conventional karyotyping. The identification of the cause of spontaneous miscarriage can facilitate estimation of recurrence risks for future pregnancies.

Abortion, Spontaneous ; etiology ; genetics ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Karyotyping ; Microarray Analysis ; methods ; Pregnancy

Repeated spontaneous abortion (RSA), with very complicated pathogenesis, has an incidence of about 0.5% 2.0%. As for the paternal part which provides half of the genes for the embryo, current studies mainly focus on the genes of somatic cells or germ cells. Chromosome abnormality of somatic cells, chromosome disorder of sperm, defects in sperm quality, genetic mutation, senility, infection and any other paternal gene abnormalities that affect the embryo would induce RSA. This paper presents an update on the above mentioned paternal factors which might result in RSA.
Abortion, Spontaneous ; etiology ; Chromosomes, Human, Y ; DNA Damage ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Spermatozoa

OBJECTIVEThis study was to investigate the association of Bisphenol A and unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion.

METHODSA hospital-based 1:1 matched case-control study was conducted. Sixty patients with unexplained recurrent abortion were included. Each case was matched with one normal control by age (± 2 years), living district and the same gestational age. The levels of Bisphenol A in urine for 60 cases and 60 controls were detected using high performance liquid chromatography after fluorescent derivatization. The levels of urinary Bisphenol A in case was compared with that in control in education levels, occupation, smoking history. Data was analyzed by means of Wilcoxon-test, Student-Newman-Keuls after rank transform, univariate and multivariate conditional Logistic regression analysis. The software used was SAS 9.1.3.

RESULTSThe values of urinary Bisphenol A in cases and controls were (0.10 ± 0.21) µg/ml, (0.03 ± 0.08) µg/ml, respectively. The level of urinary Bisphenol A in cases was significantly higher than that in controls (Z = 3.988, P < 0.0001). The urinary Bisphenol A levels in cases were significant higher than those in controls from senior middle school (the levels were 0.10, 0.06 µg/ml respectively, Z = 1.996, P = 0.0459), college (the levels were 0.14, 0.03 µg/ml respectively, Z = 2.586, P = 0.0097), workers or farmers (the levels were 0.08, 0.03 µg/ml respectively, Z = 2.265, P = 0.0235), businessmen (the levels were 0.10, 0.03 µg/ml respectively, Z = 2.544, P = 0.0109), and no passive smokers (the levels were 0.09, 0.03 µg/ml respectively, Z = 3.767, P = 0.0002). After adjustment by age, body mass index, marital status during pregnancy and other factors, compared to Bisphenol A below 0.06 µg/ml, the adjusted OR was 4.03 (1.67 - 9.74) for Bisphenol A levels between 0.06 µg/ml and 0.20 µg/ml, and was 5.46 (1.95 - 15.27) for Bisphenol A over 0.20 µg/ml. The risk of unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion increased progressively with the growth of urinary Bisphenol A levels (χ(2) = 13.042, trend test P = 0.0003). There were significant differences on Bisphenol A among controls, two abortions, and three or more abortions (the levels were 0.03 µg/ml, 0.09 µg/ml, 0.21 µg/ml respectively, F = 9.04, P = 0.0002).

CONCLUSIONExposure to Bisphenol A may be associated with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion.

Abortion, Habitual ; etiology ; Abortion, Spontaneous ; etiology ; Adult ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; Case-Control Studies ; Causality ; Female ; Humans ; Maternal Exposure ; adverse effects ; Phenols ; urine ; Pregnancy ; Young Adult

Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) has a very complicated pathogenesis and male factors for this condition should not to be ignored, which are mainly related to genetics, immunology, infection, sperm quality, and others. In case of RSA, an etiological screening ought to be performed for the husband, which involves general, genetic and immunological examinations and infection detection. According to specific etiological factors, such measures as genetic consultation, immunotherapy, and traditional Chinese medication can be taken, which may contribute to the outcome of pregnancy.
Abortion, Habitual ; etiology ; therapy ; Abortion, Spontaneous ; etiology ; therapy ; Adult ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Semen Analysis

Objective To investigate the multiple correspondence of genetic and environmental risk factors with abnormal birth history and provide a scientific basis for improving the birth defects surveillance system and reducing the incidence of birth defects. Methods Data were collected from all the perinatal infants from 28-week-old fetuses to 7-day-old infants born in all the hospitals with obstetrical department in Xi'an from 2003 to 2015. Results A total of 1 236 937 perinatal infants were surveyed,including 10 619 with birth defects.The average incidence rate of birth defects was 0.86% (0.70%-1.15%).Multiple correspondence analysis showed that the women who had had 1 or 2 children with birth defects were associated with the history of spontaneous abortion,family history of birth defects,and history of exposure to toxic and harmful substances.The women who had had 3 or more children with birth defects showed stronger association with family history of birth defects.The birth defects in women with history of spontaneous abortion (257/10 619) was ranked in the order of congenital heart disease,polydactyly,neural tube defects,congenital hydrocephalus,cleft lip with cleft palate,and simple cleft lip.The birth defects in women who had given birth to children with birth defects (135/10 619) followed the order of cleft lip with cleft palate,anencephaly,hydrocephalus,neural tube defects,cleft lip,and talipes equinovarus. Conclusions Abnormal birth history is associated with family history of birth defects and history of exposure to environmental risk factors.Giving birth to three or more children with birth defects is highly correlated with the family history of birth defects.
Child ; Pregnancy ; Female ; Humans ; Cleft Lip/etiology* ; Cleft Palate/complications* ; Reproductive History ; Abortion, Spontaneous ; Neural Tube Defects/epidemiology* ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the perinatal outcome and risk factors of precipitate labor in term primipara. METHODS: A total of 6951 full-term singleton primiparas with cephalic vaginal delivery in Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine from January 2020 to December 2020 were enrolled, among whom 381 cases of precipitate labor were classified as the precipitate labor group and 762 cases of normal labor were randomly selected as the control group. The perinatal outcomes of the two groups were compared, and the risk factors of precipitate labor were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: The incidence of precipitate labor in full-term, singleton pregnancy and cephalic primiparas was 5.48% (381/6951). The durations of the first and second stages of labor in the precipitate labor group were significantly shorter than that in the control group ( P<0.01); while there was no significant difference in the duration of the third stage of labor between the two groups ( P>0.05). Compared with the control group, the incidence of soft birth canal laceration in the precipitate labor group was increased ( P<0.01). However, there was no significant difference in postpartum hemorrhage and neonatal related perinatal outcomes between the two groups (all P>0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that maternal height ( OR=1.038, 95% CI: 1.010-1.067, P<0.01), gestational age at delivery ( OR=0.716, 95% CI: 0.618-0.829, P<0.01), late miscarriage ( OR=1.986, 95% CI: 1.065-3.702, P<0.05), membrane rupture before labor ( OR=1.802, 95% CI: 1.350-2.406, P<0.01), labor induction by transcervical balloon ( OR=3.230, 95% CI: 2.027-5.147, P<0.01), labor induction by propess ( OR=2.332, 95% CI: 1.632-3.334, P<0.01) and labor induction by oxytocin ( OR=0.291, 95% CI: 0.219-0.386, P<0.01) were independently associated with precipitate labor. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of precipitate labor in full-term, singleton pregnancy was not low. Precipitate labor could lead to a significant increase in perineal laceration. Maternal height, history of late miscarriage, membrane rupture before labor and labor induction by transcervical balloon, labor induction by propess are risk factors, while labor induction by oxytocin and late gestational time of delivery are protective factors for precipitate labor in term primipara.
Infant, Newborn ; Pregnancy ; Female ; Humans ; Oxytocin ; Abortion, Spontaneous ; Lacerations/etiology* ; Labor, Induced/adverse effects* ; Risk Factors ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of night work near the day of ovulation on outcome of pregnancy.

METHODSDaily early morning urine samples were collected from eligible shift women workers, and human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG), follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH), the urinary steroid metabolites of estrogen and progesterone(PDG, E1C) were measured to confirm the day of ovulation and early fetal loss(EFL). Questionnaires were used to know workshift, other occupation exposures, and related information.

RESULTS12 clinical spontaneous abortion(SAB), 18(EFL) and 44 clinical living birth were analyzed in relation to SAB, EFL and night shift near the day of ovulation by using single factor and multi-factor logistic regression. The result showed that night shift on the day of ovulation and the day before or after ovulation was related with SAB both in single- and muti-factorial analysis(single factor: OR = 2.48, 95% CI 1.10-5.60; multi-factor; OR = 3.90, 95% CI 1.28-11.90).

CONCLUSIONNight shift near the day of ovulation may be related to SAB.

Abortion, Spontaneous ; etiology ; Chorionic Gonadotropin ; blood ; Female ; Fetal Death ; etiology ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone ; blood ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Ovulation ; Pregnancy ; Work Schedule Tolerance

OBJECTIVETo analyze the clinical characteristics of fertility and pregnancy in women with congenital uterine malformations and explore optimal treatments to improve the prognosis.

METHODSA retrospective study was conducted on the fertility and obstetric outcome in 153 patients with uterine malformations treated in our hospital from January 1984 to December 1998. Twenty-seven cases with other kinds of genital and/or urinary anomalies but with normal uterus during the same period were enrolled as the control group.

RESULTSThe infertility rate was 26.6% (34/128), the miscarriage rate 44.3% (86/194), premature birth rate 9.3% (18/194), abnormal fetal presentation rate 28.4% (29/102), the cesarean section rate 61.8% (63/102), and the perinatal mortality rate 11.8% (12/102).

CONCLUSIONWomen with congenital uterine malformation usually have higher incidence of infertility and complications during pregnancy and delivery. Bicornuate and septate uterus can be associated with poor obstetric outcome.

Abortion, Spontaneous ; etiology ; Adult ; Cesarean Section ; statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Fertility ; Humans ; Obstetric Labor, Premature ; etiology ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Retrospective Studies ; Uterus ; abnormalities