Pooled literatures showed that the induced abortion in China faces many problems:the number of induced abortion remains large; most cases are young and nulliparity women; the frequency of abortion is high; and the interval between one and another abortion is short. Health promotion strategies should be applied to address these problems. It is important to increase the population's awareness of contraception,especially among nulliparity and migrant populations. Routine and effective contraceptive methods should be recommended and emphasized during induced abortion and delivery to lower the rate of induced abortion.
Abortion, Induced ; statistics & numerical data ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Pregnancy

BACKGROUNDEarly embryonic developmental arrest is the most commonly understudied adverse outcome of pregnancy. The relevance of intrauterine infection to spontaneous embryonic death is rarely studied and remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between intrauterine bacterial infection and early embryonic developmental arrest.

METHODSEmbryonic chorion tissue and uterine swabs for bacterial detection were obtained from 33 patients who underwent artificial abortion (control group) and from 45 patients who displayed early embryonic developmental arrest (trial group).

RESULTSIntrauterine bacterial infection was discovered in both groups. The infection rate was 24.44% (11/45) in the early embryonic developmental arrest group and 9.09% (3/33) in the artificial abortion group. Classification analysis revealed that the highest detection rate for Micrococcus luteus in the early embryonic developmental arrest group was 13.33% (6/45), and none was detected in the artificial abortion group. M. luteus infection was significantly different between the groups (P < 0.05 as shown by Fisher's exact test). In addition, no correlation was found between intrauterine bacterial infection and history of early embryonic developmental arrest.

CONCLUSIONSM. luteus infection is related to early embryonic developmental arrest and might be one of its causative factors.

Abortion, Induced ; statistics & numerical data ; Abortion, Spontaneous ; etiology ; microbiology ; Bacterial Infections ; complications ; Female ; Humans ; Micrococcus luteus ; pathogenicity ; Pregnancy ; Uterus ; microbiology

The aim of this study was to investigate the whole picture regarding pregnancy, prenatal care, obstetrical complications, and delivery among disabled pregnant women in Korea. Using the data of National Health Insurance Corporation, we extracted the data of women who terminated pregnancy including delivery and abortion from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2010. Pearson's chi-square test and Student-t test were conducted to examine the difference between disabled women and non-disabled women. Also, to define the factors affecting inadequate prenatal care, logistic regression was performed. The total number of pregnancy were 463,847; disabled women was 2,968 (0.6%) and 460,879 (99.4%) were by non-disabled women. Abortion rates (27.6%), Cesarean section rate (54.5%), and the rate of receiving inadequate prenatal care (17.0%), and the rate of being experienced at least one obstetrical complication (11.3%) among disabled women were higher than those among non-disabled women (P < 0.001). Beneficiaries of Medical Aid (OR, 2.21) (P < 0.001) and severe disabled women (OR, 1.46) (P = 0.002) were more likely to receive inadequate prenatal care. In conclusion, disabled women are more vulnerable in pregnancy, prenatal care and delivery. Therefore, the government and society should pay more attention to disabled pregnant women to ensure they have a safe pregnancy period up until the delivery.
Abortion, Induced/*statistics & numerical data ; Adult ; Cesarean Section/*statistics & numerical data ; Delivery, Obstetric/*statistics & numerical data ; Disabled Persons/*statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Mothers/statistics & numerical data ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications ; Prenatal Care/*statistics & numerical data ; Republic of Korea ; Young Adult

The aim of this study was to investigate the whole picture regarding pregnancy, prenatal care, obstetrical complications, and delivery among disabled pregnant women in Korea. Using the data of National Health Insurance Corporation, we extracted the data of women who terminated pregnancy including delivery and abortion from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2010. Pearson's chi-square test and Student-t test were conducted to examine the difference between disabled women and non-disabled women. Also, to define the factors affecting inadequate prenatal care, logistic regression was performed. The total number of pregnancy were 463,847; disabled women was 2,968 (0.6%) and 460,879 (99.4%) were by non-disabled women. Abortion rates (27.6%), Cesarean section rate (54.5%), and the rate of receiving inadequate prenatal care (17.0%), and the rate of being experienced at least one obstetrical complication (11.3%) among disabled women were higher than those among non-disabled women (P < 0.001). Beneficiaries of Medical Aid (OR, 2.21) (P < 0.001) and severe disabled women (OR, 1.46) (P = 0.002) were more likely to receive inadequate prenatal care. In conclusion, disabled women are more vulnerable in pregnancy, prenatal care and delivery. Therefore, the government and society should pay more attention to disabled pregnant women to ensure they have a safe pregnancy period up until the delivery.
Abortion, Induced/*statistics & numerical data ; Adult ; Cesarean Section/*statistics & numerical data ; Delivery, Obstetric/*statistics & numerical data ; Disabled Persons/*statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Mothers/statistics & numerical data ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications ; Prenatal Care/*statistics & numerical data ; Republic of Korea ; Young Adult

Abortion, Induced ; statistics & numerical data ; Adolescent ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy in Adolescence ; Sexual Partners ; Single Person ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo understand the current status and relative factors of reproductive health (RH) on unmarried floating population.

METHODSBoth quantitative and qualitative surveys were employed. Quantitative survey would include questionnaire admimistration, physic examination and laboratory test while qualitative study including focus/nominal group discussion, individual and resource persons interview. All of the investigative targets were selected under informed consent.

RESULTSAmong 1333 investigated unmarried floating population, the mean score on knowledge of RH was 12.97 +/- 12.20 (the full score was 100). Among studied persons, 10.20% of them were in favor of unmarried sexual activity while 50.64% of them did not care about it and 26.90% of them had ever experienced sexual activity. Among females who experienced sexual activity, 25.45% of them had induced abortion. It was found, through multivariate logistic analysis, that sexual activity at younger age, less education, agreed on having sexual activity under partner's request, sexual activity in half of a year, and pregnancy were the major risk factors on RH of unmarried floating population.

CONCLUSIONThe problem on the current status of RH among unmarried floating population needs to be addressed as they were lack of knowledge on RH and having more risk factors on RH.

Abortion, Induced ; statistics & numerical data ; China ; Female ; Health Status ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Sexual Behavior ; statistics & numerical data ; Single Person

OBJECTIVETo study the factors related to repeated abortions among unmarried young people, and to standardize the services as informed choice counseling and post abortion, and to reduce the repeated abortion rate.

METHODSA cross-sectional survey using anonymous questionnaire was conducted among unmarried young women who requested termination of early pregnancy in 10 hospitals in Shanghai.

RESULTS2343 subjects responded to the questionnaires. Results showed that the repeated abortion rate was 38.5%, repeated abortion rate within 1 year was 23.5%, and the high risk factors of abortion accounted for 40.2% . Subjects who were older than 19, unemployed, with poor education background, cohabitating and boyfriends being elder were more likely to have repeated abortions (OR > 1). Subjects who did not change boyfriend or use no contraception were more likely to have repeated abortions 1 year after abortion (OR > 1).

CONCLUSIONNo reliable contraception used after abortion seemed to be the main reason for repeated unwanted pregnancy. Being socially disadvantaged women such as unemployed or with poor education background, meanwhile cohabitating with boyfriends or boyfriends being elder etc. they should be viewed as the key population for intervention. Male involvement and reliable contraceptive methods use among young people should be emphasized as key steps for intervention. 1 year after abortion fell into the key period for intervention. Reinforcement on factors including: training for service providers to improve their skills, setting up standard technical process and monitoring systems to carry out the basic principle of 'Informed Choice', and widely launching post-coital contraception programs including emergency contraception, luteal phase contraception and menstrual induction should be stressed.

Abortion Applicants ; statistics & numerical data ; Abortion, Induced ; statistics & numerical data ; Adolescent ; China ; epidemiology ; Contraception Behavior ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Risk Factors ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult

The purpose of this study is to examine the cause of intrauterine fetal death by making a comparative analysis of the clinical difference between the pregnant women with such a case and those without it. For full seven years from January 1987 to December 1995, Moonwha Hospital saw 367 cases of intrauterine fetal death. Among them, selected for this study were the cases where at least 20 gestational weeks had passed since last menstrual period and the 127 cases where the measured fetal weight after delivery was 500 gm, and both cases were limited to those with exact records. Controls were the pregnant women who had given birth to normal fetuses during the above period. They were selected through random sampling and student t-test and x2-test were conducted for data analysis using SPSS PC ver 5.01 for Window. The findings are as follows: The prevalence of intrauterine fetal death was 1.09%. Its risk was about 3 times higher for the gravida under 25 and over 35. The frequency of intrauterine fetal death was statistically significant for nullipara(p=0.024). Cases showed noticeably frequent spontaneous abortion and induced abortion(p=0.020, p=0.029 each). Intrauterine fetal death rate was about 5 times higher in case delivery interval was one year or over 6 years. Sex ratio was found the same. Fifty percent of intrauterine fetal deaths happened within 28 weeks, while cases after term were only 5 percent. Unexplained cases topped the list of the causes, followed by congenital anomaly and then pregnancy-induced hypertension. Induced delivery took the greatest share of the whole delivery methods(82.7%), followed by spontaneous delivery(10.2%) and then laparotomy(7.1%). The conclusion is that proper antenatal care should be taken of fetuses on the basis of risk factors of antepartum and intrapartum so that unnecessary intrauterine fetal death can be prevented and furthermore pregnant women`s physical and mental pain can be reduced.
Abortion, Spontaneous ; Case-Control Studies* ; Female ; Fetal Death* ; Fetal Weight ; Fetus ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced ; Parturition ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Sex Ratio ; Statistics as Topic

OBJECTIVETo find out the rate of repeated induced abortion among unmarried abortion women and to study the relevant risk factors.

METHODSFrom July to September 2005, we used the method of hospital based descriptive epidemiological study to investigate 2295 abortion women below 25 years of age in Beijing, Shanghai and Zhengzhou. Case-control study was used as the method. We considered the women with history of repeated abortion as case group (736 women) and considered the women without history of repeated abortion as control group (1559 women).

RESULTSThe mean age of respondents was 21.92 years with minimal age as 15 years. 17.2 % aborted women aged below 20 years with 32. 1% of them were ever having a history of previous induced abortion. Among 736 women with repeated abortion, 75.3 % of them had one time of induced abortion previously, 18.1% having two times, 4.2% having 3 times, 13 women having 4 times and 4 women having 5 times and one even with the maximum of having 8 times of previous abortion. In comparison with control group, the case group had higher rate among women whose first sex was below 18 years (16.2% vs. 9.4% , P<0.01). There were higher rates of women under following conditions: having exposed to sexual behavior for more than 3 years (33.6% vs. 6.6 % , P<0.01), having cohabited with male partner for over 1 year (64.6% vs. 23.9%, P <0.01), having regular sexual life (48.5 % vs. 37. 1%, P < 0.05), having multiple sexual partners (36.0% vs. 15.0%,P<0.01) having unwanted sex (6.0% vs. 3.9%, P<0.05), whose current pregnancy resulted from contraceptive failure (39.3% vs. 31.6%, P< 0.01), having a history of high-risk abortion (30.8% vs. 3.1%, P< 0.01) etc. In comparison with the control group, the case group showed higher rates of male partners not supporting this induced abortion, male partner not participating in decision-making on abortion and male partner not accompanying the female partners to seek for abortion service (rates of the three major factors in case group and in control group were 10.3% vs. 5.9%, P< 0.01, 30.3% vs. 24.0%, and 27.5% vs. 23.5%, P<0.01, respectively).

CONCLUSIONThe rate of repeated induced abortion among unmarried abortion women was relatively high. The risk factors for females would include: younger age of sex debut, longer duration from the beginning of first sex to the current abortion, cohabitation, regular sexual life, multiple sexual partners, unwanted sex, contraceptive failure and high risk induced abortion. Meanwhile, unmarried but repeated abortion was related to the differences of gender between males and females and male partner's concern on induced abortion.

Abortion, Induced ; statistics & numerical data ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy in Adolescence ; Pregnancy, Unwanted ; Recurrence ; Risk Factors ; Sexual Behavior ; Single Person ; Young Adult

Thirty-two adult female ASA I patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists' grading) undergoing voluntary termination of pregnancy (VTP) under general anaesthesia were randomly divided into three groups. Patients received 0.6 mg/kg pentazocine intravenously five minutes prior to induction of anaesthesia along with either isotonic saline, or promethazine 0.5 mg/kg or metoclopramide 0.2 mg/kg. Anaesthesia was induced with intravenous thiopentone and maintained with nitrous oxide in oxygen and boluses of thiopentone. Vomiting and sedation were scored at the end of anaesthesia, one hour later and at the time of discharge. The mean vomiting score was comparable in the three groups. Though the mean dose of thiopentone used was significantly less in the promethazine group, the sedation scores and the duration of stay in the clinic were comparable in all the groups. It is concluded that promethazine and metoclopramide in the doses used are ineffective as antiemetic agents in outpatient gynaecological patients.
Abortion, Induced ; methods ; Adult ; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures ; methods ; Analysis of Variance ; Anesthesia, General ; adverse effects ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Dilatation and Curettage ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Metoclopramide ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Pregnancy ; Promethazine ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; Vomiting ; etiology ; prevention & control