No abstract available.
Abortion, Habitual* ; Female ; Immunization* ; Lymphocytes* ; Pregnancy

No abstract available.
Abortion, Habitual* ; Cytogenetics* ; Family Characteristics* ; Female ; Pregnancy

*Abortion, Criminal ; *Abortion, Habitual ; *Abortion, Missed ; *Abortion, Septic ; *Abortion, Threatened ; *Malaysia ; *Maternal Mortality ; *Statistics ; *Adolescent ; *Pregnancy

Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) has various complicated causes, and more and more researches are focused on its etiology. Genetic factors are the most common risk factors of RSA; immune factors, infection factors, male factors and female factors play an important role; environmental pollution and some other unknown factors may also be conspirators. This article presents an overview on the possible risk factors of RSA.
Abortion, Habitual ; etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Risk Factors

Abortion, Habitual ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods ; Pregnancy

*Abortion, Habitual ; *Dysmenorrhea ; *Hyperemesis Gravidarum ; *Hypnosis ; *Infertility, Female ; *Therapeutics ; *Pregnancy

BACKGROUND: Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is defined as the occurrence of three or more consecutive spontaneous abortion before 20 gestational weeks. But, 40-50% of RSA still remain "unex-plained". Cytokines seem to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of unexplained RSA, and Th1 cytokines have been shown to exert deleterious effects on pregnancy. NK cytotoxicity has been reported to be predictive of subsequent abortion in women who had unexplained recurrent abortions. The aim of this study was to investigate immunophenotypic characteristics of peripheral blood mononu-clear cells and evaluate Th1 cytokine (TNF-alpha) production in women with RSA. METHODS: The study group comprised 93 women with RSA, and the control group consisted of 40 healthy pregnant women. The population of CD56/CD16 cells was observed by using a two-color scattergram in FACScan (Becton Dickinson, San Jose CA, USA). Concentration of TNF-alpha was measured by an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA) using commercial kits (NEOGEN corporation, Lexington KY, USA). RESULTS: The percentage of CD56+/CD16-cells were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the patients with RSA (13.40+/-7.95%) than in the pregnant control group (9.12+/-3.93%). We observed a significantly higher level of TNF-alpha (medians: 85.59+/-8.29 pg/mL versus 44.80+/-9.78 pg/mL; P<0.05) in RSA women compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that an increased proportion of CD56+/CD16-mononuclear cells and increased level of serum TNF-alpha are related to RSA. Thus, the two factors could be used as an indicator of subsequent successful implantation and maintenance of gestation.
Abortion, Habitual ; Abortion, Spontaneous* ; Cytokines ; Female ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha*

OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of BACs-on-Beads (BoBs) technique for the detection of chromosomal abnormalities in abortus tissues from recurrent pregnancy loss. METHODS: A total of 109 abortus samples were collected and analyzed with the BoBs technique. The incidence and types of chromosomal abnormalities for different age groups and gestational weeks were compared. RESULTS: The BoBs assay has succeeded in all cases, with an incidence for chromosomal abnormalities reaching 62.39% (68/109). The major findings included trisomy 16 (12/68), trisomy 22 (9/68), trisomy 13 (9/68) and trisomy 21 (8/68). The abnormal rate was significantly higher in those above 35-year-old compared with that of the <35-year-old group (P<0.05). More aberrations were found among abortus tissues derived from 42-70 days of pregnancy albeit with no statistical significance (P>0.05). The aberration rates were similar for samples derived from second, third and fourth time abortions (P>0.05). CONCLUSION BoBs technique can detect chromosomal aberrations in miscarriages and may be routinely used for the analysis of early spontaneous abortions.
Abortion, Habitual ; Abortion, Spontaneous ; Adult ; Chromosome Disorders ; Down Syndrome ; Female ; Humans ; Karyotyping ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Diagnosis

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of factors associated with habitual abortion in 198 Korean couples. METHODS: A total of 198 cases at the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Asan Medical Center, Korea from July 1989 to December 2001 that were diagnosed as habitual abortions were included in this study. The cases were divided into 2 main groups; a primary habitual abortion group and a secondary habitual abortion group. They were classified according to etiology. RESULTS: The number of primary habitual abortion cases was 157 (79.3%) and that of secondary habitual abortion cases was 41 (20.7%). The mean age and number of previous abortions were not different between the two groups. The etiologic factors of the primary habitual abortions were anatomical (31.8%, 42/132), immunologic (24.2%, 32/132), unexplained (23.5%, 31/132), endocrinologic (15.2%, 20/132), genetic (12.9%, 17/132), and infection (1.5%, 2/132). The factors of the secondary habitual abortions were immunologic (36.8%, 14/38), unexplained (28.9%, 11/38), anatomical (21.1%, 8/38) and endocrinologic (13.2%, 5/38). The successful pregnancy rate following secondary habitual abortion was 42.0% (17/38), significantly higher than that following primary habitual abortion which was 34.8% (50/132) (p-value<0.05). CONCLUSION: The differences in etiologic factors between primary and secondary habitual abortions are statistically significant. The prognosis of a later successful pregnancy was significantly better in cases of secondary habitual abortion.
Abortion, Habitual* ; Abortion, Induced ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Classification* ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Gynecology ; Korea ; Obstetrics ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Rate ; Prognosis

BACKGROUNDGenetic factors are the main cause of early miscarriage. This study aimed to investigate aneuploidy in spontaneous abortion by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using probes for 13, 16, 18, 21, 22, X and Y chromosomes.

METHODSA total of 840 chorionic samples from spontaneous abortion were collected and examined by FISH. We analyzed the incidence and type of abnormal cases and sex ratio in the samples. We also analyzed the relationship between the rate of aneuploidy and parental age, the rate of aneuploidy between recurrent abortion and sporadic abortion, the difference in incidence of aneuploidy between samples from previous artificial abortion and those from no previous induced abortion.

RESULTSA total of 832 samples were finally analyzed. 368 (44.23%) were abnormal, in which 84.24% (310/368) were aneuploidies and 15.76% (58/368) were polyploidies. The first was trisomy 16 (121/310), followed by trisomy 22, and X monosomy. There was no significant difference in the rate of aneuploidy in the advanced maternal age group (≥ 35 years old) and young maternal age group (<35 years old). However, the rate of trisomy 22 and the total rate of trisomies 21, 13, and 18 (the number of trisomy 21 plus trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 together) showed significantly different in two groups. We found no skewed sex ratio. There was no significant difference in the rate of aneuploidy between recurrent miscarriage and sporadic abortion or between the samples from previous artificial abortion and those from no previous artificial abortion.

CONCLUSIONSAneuploidy is a principal factor of miscarriage and total parental age is a risk factor. There is no skewed sex ratio in spontaneous abortion. There is also no difference in the rate of aneuploidy between recurrent abortion and sporadic abortion or between previous artificial abortion and no previous induced abortion.

Abortion, Habitual ; genetics ; Abortion, Spontaneous ; genetics ; Adult ; Aneuploidy ; Female ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; Middle Aged ; Pregnancy ; Sex Ratio