BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to determine whether laypeople and professionals rate the facial appearance of individuals with repaired complete unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP, BCLP) similarly based on viewing full facial images. METHODS: The study followed a cross-sectional analytical design where five young patients aged 10 to 14 years, who had completed all stages of their unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and palate treatment (bilateral: three, unilateral: two), were evaluated by two groups. The assessment was done by laypeople and 97 qualified professionals (33 orthodontists, 32 plastic surgeons, and 32 oral and maxillofacial surgeons). Professionals were not involved in any stage of the patients’ treatment. RESULTS: The facial appearance assessment of the professional groups on different facial aesthetics was significantly lower than that of laypeople, and they had higher perceived need for further treatment. On the other hand, laypeople had higher aesthetic ratings and lower perceived need for further treatment. Differences were also observed between the assessments of the professional groups. Participants who had lower aesthetic assessments of the repair tended to report a higher influence of cleft lip and palate on social activities and professional life. CONCLUSION: Differences in perception exist between healthcare professionals and laypeople. The discrepancies between the professional groups could be attributed to different treatment modalities and protocols.
Cleft Lip ; Delivery of Health Care ; Esthetics ; Hand ; Humans ; Orthodontists ; Palate ; Plastics ; Surgeons

PURPOSE: To investigate and compare the surface roughness (SR), weight and height of monolithic zirconia (MZ), ceramometal (CM), lithium disilicate glass ceramic (LD), composite resin (CR), and their antagonistic human teeth enamel. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 32 disc shaped specimens for the four test materials (n=8) and 32 premolars were prepared and randomly divided. SR, weight and height of the materials and the antagonist enamel were recorded before and after subjecting the specimens to 240,000 wear-cycles (49 N/0.8 Hz/5℃/50℃). SR, height, weight, and digital microscopic qualitative evaluation were measured. RESULTS: CM (0.23 + 0.08 µm) and LD (0.68 + 0.16 µm) exhibited the least and highest mean difference in the SR, respectively. ANOVA revealed significance (P=.001) between the materials for the SR. Paired T-Test showed significance (P < .05) for the pre- and post-SR for all the materials. For the antagonistic enamel, no significance (P=.987) was found between the groups. However, the pre- and post-SR values of all the enamel groups were significant (P < .05). Wear cycles had significant effect on enamel weight loss against all the materials (P < .05). CR and MZ showed the lowest and highest height loss of 0.14 mm and 0.46 mm, respectively. CONCLUSION: MZ and CM are more resistant to SR against the enamel than LD and CR. Enamel worn against test materials showed similar SR. Significant variations in SR values for the tested materials (MZ, LD, CM, and CR) against the enamel were found. Wear simulation significantly affected the enamel weight loss against all the materials, and enamel antagonist against MZ and CM showed more height loss.
Bicuspid ; Ceramics ; Dental Enamel ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Glass ; Humans ; Lithium ; Tooth ; Tooth Wear ; Weight Loss

Background: Psychiatric and mental disorders are more prevalent than recorded. Severe cases of these conditions require rehabilitation services to reach optimal social and occupational wellbeing. This study was carried out to evaluate the characteristics of patients seeking care in one rehabilitation center in Saudi Arabia and to evaluate the impact of these services on the patients’ GAF scores. Design: Ac. Method: This cross-sectional observational study was carried out in rehabilitation center in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia over a period of 3 months from Jan 2021 to March 2021. Following administration and ethical approval, medical students recruited patients who sought care from a rehabilitation center in Majmaah Hospital. Patients were screened for eligibility for inclusion and data were collected from medical records and through observation of the participants when they visited the facility. Data collection took place over a 6-month period. Results: A total of 147 responders participated in the study with the majority being male participants (53.1%) aged between 21-30 years of age (41.5%) with 66% were chronic care seekers of the facility. Causes for admission to the facility were mainly to control anti-epileptic medication intake (31.4%), control epilepsy (26.5%) and ADHD (11.6%). In terms of follow up, 78.9% visited a psychologist and 78.9% visited a social worker. On the social level, 30.6% visited a family member once a month and 86.4% did recreational activities once in 4 weeks although a large number (87.1%) did not approach any teaching facilities. The highest frequency in GAF range was than between 21-30 with 37.4% of the study population followed by the range between 1-10 with 18.4%. More male participants scored 21-30 than females (n=13, 8.8% vs. n=3, 2%; p=0.00). Those who reported good social skills in terms of smiles scored significantly higher on the GAS score than those with poorer social skills (n=36, 90% vs. n=4, 10%; p=0.002). Similarly for conversation skills (n=29, 72.5% vs. n=11, 27.5%; p=0.00) and speech (n=26, 65% vs. n=14, 35%; p=0.00). Additionally, significantly more females scored higher than 40 on the GAF scale when compared to male participants (n=31, 77.5% vs. n=9, 22.5%; p=0.00). Conclusion: Rehabilitation services were seen to be provided for both genders but perceived differently between male and female participants. This was evident in the differences in visits to the health care professionals. Additionally, more care can be given to those that lack proper hygiene practices and communications and interaction skills. These weak practices should be tackled through educational and behavioral interventions. Finally, inclusion of the most common mental and psychiatric disorders is necessary to provide generalizability.