Objective To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of outpatient hysteroscopy.Methods Outpatient CO2 hysteroscopy using video-camera for monitoring was performed on 429 patients from November 1995 to December 1996. The indications included post-menopausal bleeding (32.2%), menorrhagia (25.4%), irregular bleeding (24.7%), intermenstrual spotting (10.2%) and others (7.5%).Results Hysteroscopy was successfully performed on 420 (97.9%) patients. Although no anaesthetics were used, only two (0.47%) patients complained of severe pain during the procedure. Twenty-one (4.9%) patients had poor view due to submucosal fibroid or bloody view. There were no operative complications. Normal uterine cavity was found in 36.8% and atrophic endometrium in 34.7% of patients. The pathologies included submucosal fibroid (10.7%), endometrial polyp (5.8%) and fibroid polyp (2.8%). Five (1.2%) out of 429 patients were confirmed histologically to have endometrial carcinoma. No malignant lesions were missed. A total of 372 (86.7%) patients had histological confirmation of hysteroscopic findings. In 57 (13.2%) patients, the histological results did not correlate with the hysteroscopic findings.Conclusions Outpatient hysteroscopy and suction curettage is a safe, cost-effective and acceptable procedure.

INTRODUCTIONThe treatment and outcome of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has evolved greatly over the past few decades. We compared the mortality and complication rates of patients with AMI admitted to the Coronary Care Unit (CCU) in 2002 to previously reported data.

MATERIALS AND METHODSAll data for AMI patients admitted to National Heart Centre CCU in 2002 were collected through the Singapore Cardiac Data Bank, including demographics, in hospital complications and mortality. These were compared to previous reports from the same institution in 1988, 1975 and 1967.

RESULTSA total of 516 cases with AMI were identified. A higher proportion of patients were aged >or=70 years in 2002 (31.8%) compared to 1988 (25%), 1975 (11%) and 1967 (5.6%). Acute percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) was performed in 250 of 516 (48%) patients in 2002. The overall in-patient and age-standardised mortality was 14.7% and 10% respectively, compared to 20.6% and 17% respectively in 1988 (P = 0.06). For the 250 patients who underwent acute PTCA, overall mortality was 5.2% compared to 24% in those who did not (P <0.001). Common in-hospital complications included heart failure (38%), non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (8%), atrial fibrillation (8%) and complete heart block (6%). Age, heart failure, bundle branch block and sustained ventricular tachycardia were associated with higher mortality by univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, older age, heart failure and the absence of percutaneous intervention were independently associated with higher mortality.

CONCLUSIONIn-hospital mortality for AMI patients admitted to the CCU declined from 1988 to 2002 despite a higher proportion of elderly patients. The introduction of new therapies including drugs and percutaneous intervention may have contributed to this decline.

Acute Disease ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary ; Coronary Care Units ; Critical Illness ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intensive Care Units ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mortality ; trends ; Myocardial Infarction ; complications ; mortality ; therapy ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome

Chest Pain ; etiology ; Coronary Vessel Anomalies ; complications ; diagnostic imaging ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

BACKGROUND: Timely reperfusion in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) improves outcomes. System delay is that between first medical contact and reperfusion therapy, comprising prehospital and hospital components. This study aimed to characterize prehospital system delay in Singapore. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed for 462 consecutive STEMI patients presenting to a tertiary hospital from December 2006 to April 2008. Patients with cardiac arrest secondarily presented were excluded. For those who received emergency medical services (EMS), ambulance records were reviewed. Time intervals in the hospital were collected prospectively. The patients were divided into two equal groups of high/low prehospital system delay using visual binning technique. RESULTS: Of 462 patients, 76 received EMS and 52 of the 76 patients were analyzed. The median system delay was 125.5 minutes and the median prehospital system delay was 33.5 minutes (interquartile range [IQR]=27.0, 42.0). Delay between call-received-by-ambulance and ambulance-dispatched was 2.48 minutes (IQR=1.47, 16.55); between ambulance-dispatch and arrival-at-patient-location was 8.07 minutes (IQR=1.30, 22.13); between arrival-at- and departure-from-patient-location was 13.12 minutes (IQR=3.12, 32.2); and between leaving-patient-location to ED-registration was 9.90 minutes (IQR=1.62, 32.92). Comparing patients with prehospital system delay of less than 35.5 minutes versus more showed that the median delay between ambulance-dispatch and arrival-at-patient-location was shorter (5.75 vs. 9.37 minutes, P<0.01). The median delay between arrival-at-patient-location and leaving-patient-location was also shorter (10.78 vs. 14.37 minutes, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Prehospital system delay in our patients was suboptimal. This is the first attempt at characterizing prehospital system delay in Singapore and forms the basis for improving efficiency of STEMI care.

INTRODUCTIONDoor-to-balloon (DTB) time is critical to ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients' survival. Although DTB time is reduced with direct cardiovascular laboratory (CVL) activation by emergency physicians, concerns regarding false-positive activation remain. We evaluate false-positive rates before and after direct CVL activation and factors associated with false-positive activations.

MATERIALS AND METHODSThis is a retrospective single centre study of all emergency CVL activation 3 years before and after introduction of direct activation in July 2007. False-positive activation is defined as either: 1) absence of culprit vessel with coronary artery thrombus or ulceration, or 2) presence of chronic total occlusion of culprit vessel, with no cardiac biomarker elevations and no regional wall abnormalities. All false-positive cases were verified by reviewing their coronary angiograms and patient records.

RESULTSA total of 1809 subjects were recruited; 84 (4.64%) identified as false-positives. Incidence of false-positive before and after direct activation was 4.1% and 5.1% respectively, which was not significant (P = 0.315). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, factors associated with false-positive were: female (odds ratio (OR): 2.104 [1.247-3.548], P = 0.005), absence of chest pain (OR: 5.369 [3.024-9.531], P <0.0001) and presence of only left bundle branch block (LBBB) as indication for activation (OR: 65.691 [19.870-217.179], P <0.0001).

CONCLUSIONImprovement in DTB time with direct CVL activation by emergency physicians is not associated with increased false-positive activations. Factors associated with false-positive, especially lack of chest pain or LBBB, can be taken into account to optimise STEMI management.

Bundle-Branch Block ; epidemiology ; Cardiac Catheterization ; Chest Pain ; epidemiology ; Coronary Angiography ; Disease Management ; Emergency Medicine ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Multivariate Analysis ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ; Physicians ; Retrospective Studies ; ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; therapy ; Sex Factors ; Singapore ; epidemiology ; Time-to-Treatment

INTRODUCTION: Early reperfusion of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) results in better outcomes. Interventions that have resulted in shorter door-to-balloon (DTB) time include prehospital cardiovascular laboratory activation and prehospital electrocardiogram (ECG) transmission, which are only available for patients who arrive via emergency ambulances. We assessed the impact of mode of transport on DTB time in a single tertiary institution and evaluated the factors that affected various components of DTB time. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using registry data of patients diagnosed with STEMI in the emergency department (ED) who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention. We compared patients who arrived by emergency ambulances with those who came via their own transport. The primary study end point was DTB, defined as the earliest time a patient arrived in the ED to balloon inflation. As deidentified data was used, ethics review was waived. RESULTS: A total of 321 patients were included for analysis after excluding 7 with missing data. The mean age was 61.4±11.4 years old with 49 (15.3%) females. Ninety-nine (30.8%) patients arrived by emergency ambulance. The median DTB time was shorter for patients arriving by ambulance versus own transport (52min, interquartile range [IQR] 45-61 vs 67min, IQR 59-74; CONCLUSION Arrival via emergency ambulance was associated with a decreased DTB for STEMI patients compared to arriving via own transport. There is a need for public education to increase the usage of emergency ambulances for suspected heart attacks to improve outcomes.
Aged ; Ambulances ; Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ; Retrospective Studies ; Time Factors

Background/Aims: We investigated the dynamics of serum HBV pre-genomic RNA (pgRNA) and hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg) in patients receiving nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) and their predictability for favourable suppression of serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Methods: Serum viral biomarkers were measured at baseline, weeks 4, 12, 24, 36, and 48 of treatment. Patients were followed up thereafter and serum HBsAg level was measured at end of follow-up (EOFU). Favourable HBsAg response (FHR) was defined as ≤100 IU/mL or HBsAg seroclearance upon EOFU. Results: Twenty-eight hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive and 36 HBeAg-negative patients (median, 38.2 years old; 71.9% male) were recruited with median follow-up duration of 17.1 years (interquartile range, 12.8–18.2). For the entire cohort, 22/64 (34.4%) achieved FHR. For HBeAg-positive patients, serum HBV pgRNA decline at week 4 was significantly greater for patients with FHR compared to non-FHR (5.49 vs. 4.32 log copies/mL, respectively; P=0.016). The area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AUROC) for week 4 HBV pgRNA reduction to predict FHR in HBeAg-positive patients was 0.825 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.661–0.989). For HBeAg-negative patients, instead of increase in serum HBcrAg in non-FHR patients, FHR patients had median reduction in HBcrAg at week 4 (increment of 1.75 vs. reduction of 2.98 log U/mL; P=0.023). The AUROC for week 4 change of HBcrAg to predict FHR in HBeAg-negative patients was 0.789 (95% CI, 0.596–0.982). Conclusions Early on-treatment changes of serum HBV pgRNA and HBcrAg at 4 weeks predict HBsAg seroclearance or ≤100 IU/mL in NA-treated CHB patients upon long-term FU.

Betacoronavirus ; Communicable Disease Control ; organization & administration ; Coronavirus Infections ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; transmission ; Disaster Planning ; organization & administration ; Humans ; Nuclear Medicine ; organization & administration ; Pandemics ; prevention & control ; Pneumonia, Viral ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; transmission ; Singapore