Physicians should take advantage of each contact with smokers to encourage and support smoking cessation. Once a patient is identified as a smoker, tools are available to assess readiness for change. Using motivational interviewing techniques, the physician can help the patient move from the precontemplation stage through the contemplation stage to the preparation stage, where plans are made for the initiation of quitting smoking. Continued motivational techniques and support are needed in the action stage, when the patient stops smoking. Major treatment guidelines emphasize that three treatment elements in particular are effective for smoking cessation intervention : nicotine replacement therapy, social support for cessation, and skills training/problem solving. Guidelines emphasize the dose-response relationship between the intensity and duration of treatment and its effectiveness. In general, the more intense the treatment, the more effective it is in producing long-term abstinence from tobacco. Group or individual behavioral counselling can facilitate smoking cessation and improve the cessation rates. A plan should be in place for recycling the patient through the appropriate stages if relapse should occur.
Evidence-Based Medicine ; Humans ; Motivational Interviewing ; Nicotine ; Recurrence ; Recycling ; Smoke* ; Smoking Cessation* ; Smoking* ; Tobacco

No abstract available.
Contraception*

To compare several porcelains made by various manufacturers in shrinkage after firing and investigate the effect of condensation on shrinkage, specimens were prepared and the volume of each body was measured by the phase-shifting profilometry. Baseplate wax was cut by 2.5cmx2cm and cast in nonprecious metal (Verabond, U.S.A.). then any surfaces of specimens were abrased and polished on the SiC abrasing papers, preparing 120 specimens. specimens were divided into six groups according to the porcelain used, and the porcelain used in each group were as follows. Group I : Ceramco dentin porcelain Group II : Creation dentin porcelain Group III : Creation margin porcelain Group IV : Vintage margin porcelain Group V : Vita dentin porcelain Group VI : Vintage dentin porcelain Porcelain was built up on the metal plates using a small spoon and then solution matching to each porcelain was added. The six groups are subdivided into a and b. In subgroup a, only excessive solution was absorbed with tissue and in subgroup b, porcelain was condensed sufficiently. When build-up was completed, the shape was measured using the phase-shifting profilometry. After that, specimens were fired in the furnace programed for each porcelain and then their changed shape were measured again. Using the difference between the two above measurements, the ratio of shrinkage was calculated. Obtained results were as follows ; 1. Regardless of condensation, the volume of fired specimens were not different significantly between the two subgroups a and b in the same group. 2. The ratios of shrinkage were significantly higher in the groups porcelain built-up was condensed than in the groups not condensed. 3. The ratios of shrinkage were in the range of 36.81-27.19% in the groups porcelain built up was condensed and 44.52-37.54% in the other groups not condensed.
Dental Porcelain* ; Dentin ; Fires*

No abstract available.

Clinical, bacteriological, and immunological studies were performed in acute pyelonephritis (4 cases) chronic pyelonephritis (4 cases), cystitis (7 cases), and urethritis (one case) in the Department of Urology, KJ.ungpook Unir-ersity Hospital. The results were as follows: I) These patients included 5 males and 11 females. Age range was prominently from 20 to 4O The major symptoms were chills, high fever, and lumbago in upper urinary tract infections, and dysuria. frequency, and burning on urination in lower urinary tract infections. 2) The colony counts of these patients' urine demonstrated that the highest number was 5.8X10,000,000, and the lowest was 2.3X 1000. Among 10 cases, 8 cases yielded 100,000 or higher in colony counts of urine. E. Coli was demonstrated in 4 cases among 6 of upper urinary tract infections. 3) There were increased antibody titers in sera of all patients. The specific antibody response wasfound in 3 cases, and only 2 cases demonstrated high heterologous titers.
Antibody Formation ; Burns ; Chills ; Cystitis ; Dysuria ; Female ; Fever ; Humans ; Low Back Pain ; Male ; Pyelonephritis ; Urethritis ; Urinary Tract Infections* ; Urinary Tract* ; Urination ; Urology

No abstract available.
Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Nodule*

Statistical observation was made on 117 cases of congenital anomalies of the genitourinary tract in Korean children who had been admitted to Department of Urology, St. Mary's Hospital from January 1. 1965 to December 31.1972. Statistical observation was included age and sex distribution, clinical manifestation, annual and organ distribution, associated diseases with anomalies and the kinds of operation methods. The results were as follows; 1. 174 cases (11%) were pediatric patients among the total number of patients admitted to Vrologic department during observation. 2. 117 cases (7.3%) of pediatric patients among the total number of patients admitted to the Urologic department during observation had congenital anomalies of the genitourinary tact. 3. The ratio of congenital anomaly to acquired disease in pediatients was approximately 2: l. 4. The congenital anomaly of the genitourinary tract affected both male and female patients (ratio of 15.9 : 1) with a peak incidence in the four to ten age range. 5. The most vulnerable organs of the geni1ourinary tract anomaly were genitalia and urethra. 6. In the genitourinary tract diseases congenital anomaly, injury, tumor and tuberculosis were the most common diseases. 7. 13 cases (33. 3%) of the urinary tract anomaly were accompanied with pyelonephritis, hydronephrosis and ureterovesical reflux.
Child* ; Female ; Genitalia ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis ; Incidence ; Male ; Pyelonephritis ; Sex Distribution ; Tuberculosis ; Urethra ; Urinary Tract ; Urology

No abstract available.
Hyperparathyroidism*

Background: Prevalence of diabetes is escalating both globally as well as in Malaysia. With the epidemic of diabetes and its related morbidities and mortalities, health care professionals are facing an unprecedented challenges in controlling the disease. Objective: To determine the metabolic control and the cardiovascular risk factors among type 2 diabetic patients in a primary care setting. Method: This was a cross sectional study conducted in a primary care clinic in Selangor, Malaysia. Inclusion criteria were all type 2 diabetic patients aged 18 and above and were being followed-up for more than six months prior to the recruiting period in May 2009. The demographic data were obtained through faceto- face interview. Height, weight and blood pressure of the patients were taken during the day of data collection. The co-morbidities and laboratory results were obtained from the medical records. Results: Two-hundred patients were recruited. The mean age was 58.6 (SD=10.5) with 79.0% of the patients aged more than 50 years old. The majority of the patients were female (62.5%). One-tenth (11.5%) were smokers. More than half of the patients (64.0%) had co-morbid of hypertension and half of them (50.5%) had dyslipidaemia. A total of 72.5% of the patients had 3 or more cardiovascular risk factors. Less than one fifth of the patients had achieved the target of control for glycaemia, blood pressure, LDL and BMI. Those age 60 and above had significantly higher proportion of patients achieving fasting blood glucose control (p=0.033). Conclusion: The majority of type 2 diabetic patients had multiple cardiovascular risk factors (3 or more risk factors) and had not achieved the recommended goals in metabolic control.

Evidence-Based Practice ; Family Practice ; Malaysia