HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection is prevalent in many areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Seropositivity rates reach 10-15% in urban adults, 21% in critically ill adults and 30% in surgical inpatients aged 21-40 years. AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is a multisystem disease which presents to the surgeon with a wide range of pathologies including Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphadenopathy and sepsis. The more common sites for sepsis are the female genital tract, anorectum, pleural cavity, soft tissues (necrotizing fasciitis) and bone and joints. To prevent iatrogenic HIV infection more use should be made of autologous blood. Occupational exposure to HIV infection can be minimized by double-gloving, protecting the eyes when operating and ensuring that theatre gowns are waterproof. The risk of HIV infection from a needlestick injury is 0.4%. Although contact with blood during a surgical procedure is common, the risk is lower than for a hollow needlestick injury. PIP: In Zambia, 10-15% of urban adults are reported HIV positive, as are over 80% of prostitutes. The HIV seroprevalence rate in a Lusaka hospital's intensive care unit was 21% (27% for surgical and 18% for trauma admissions). HIV-infected patients could be clinically recognized by risk factors or symptoms and signs: weight loss, chronic cough, chronic diarrhea, sepsis, septic arthritis, subacute hematogenous osteomyelitis, a history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), death of a spouse or of a child under age 2, recent pregnancy unable to go to term, poor quality or thin hair, appearance of aging beyond years, mental slowness, persistent or unexplained fever, lymphadenopathy, aggressive atypical Kaposi's sarcoma, oral thrush, hairy leukoplakia of the tongue, shingles scars, and scars of maculopapular dermatitis. Common sites for HIV-related sepsis are the female genital tract, anorectum, pleural cavity, soft tissues (e.g., necrotizing fascitis), and bone and joints. Autologous blood transfusion and use of donor blood screened for HIV antibodies, preferably limited to emergencies, would reduce the likelihood of iatrogenic HIV transmission. Surgeons should wear two pairs of gloves, a waterproof gown, and goggles to protect themselves from HIV transmission. If they have skin rashes, cuts, or abrasions on the hands or arms, they should not perform operations. Proper cleaning and disinfection of endoscopes are required. The risk of infection from a needle stick is small ( 0.4%).
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections - epidemiology, Adult, HIV Infections - epidemiology

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Oral Medicine ; Sarcoma, Kaposi ; diagnosis

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nose Neoplasms ; Sarcoma, Kaposi

The prevalence of asymptomatic cryptococcal antigenemia (ACA) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals has been observed to be elevated. The prevalence of ACA ranges from 1.3% to 13%, with different rates of prevalence in various regions of the world. We reviewed studies conducted internationally, and also referred to two established expert consensus guideline documents published in China, and we have concluded that Chinese HIV-infected patients should undergo cryptococcal antigen screening when CD4 T-cell counts fall below 200 cells/μL and that the recommended treatment regimen for these patients follow current World Health Organization guidelines, although it is likely that this recommendation may change in the future. Early screening and optimized preemptive treatment for ACA is likely to help decrease the incidence of cryptococcosis, and is lifesaving. Further studies are warranted to explore issues related to the optimal management of ACA.
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections ; CD4 Lymphocyte Count ; China ; Cryptococcosis/epidemiology* ; Cryptococcus ; HIV Infections/complications* ; Humans ; Meningitis, Cryptococcal

OBJECTIVETo analyze the inpatient cost of AIDS related opportunistic infection in a high HIV epidemic area of China.

METHODSInformation was collected and analyzed from 158 inpatients with AIDS related opportunistic infection, including demographic characteristics of patients, types of opportunistic infection and treatment cost (median) from 2008 to 2010 in a high HIV epidemic area.

RESULTSThe inpatient cost per visit for AIDS related opportunistic infection was 2935.7 yuan. The fee per visit for examination, laboratory test, medicine, diagnosis and treatment, nursing, bed was 132.5, 269.0, 1485.5, 367.3, 302.5 and 264.0 yuan, respectively. The inpatient cost per visit for AIDS related opportunistic infection was 4383.1 yuan for male and 3418.6 yuan for female inpatient (U = -1.279, P = 0.201). The cost per visit for AIDS related opportunistic infection was 4703.1 yuan for Han nationality and 3475.9 yuan for minority patient (U = -1.025, P = 0.305). The inpatient cost per visit for AIDS related opportunistic infection was respectively 3429.3, 5022.2, 6705.5 and 2396.7 yuan for farmers, individual businessmen, employees of enterprise and public institution and jobless (H = 28.633, P = 0.000). The cost per visit was lowest for illiteracy patients (2590.2 yuan), 3626.5 yuan for primary school, 4214.3 yuan for junior high school and 6865.8 yuan for high school and higher education (H = 10.828, P = 0.013). The cost per visit for AIDS related opportunistic infection was respectively 2873.6, 4534.3, 3077.8 and 3208.1 yuan for under the age of 29, 30-39 years old, 40-49 years old and beyond the age of 50 (H = 1.515, P = 0.679). The AIDS related opportunistic infection cost per visit for inpatients infected through sex (4621.3 yuan) was higher than that of intravenous drug users (3208.6 yuan, U = -2.588, P = 0.010). Among various types of opportunistic infections, the cost was highest for neurological diseases (5819.7 yuan), 4300.8, 2806.8, and 2083.9 yuan for respiratory diseases, digestive system diseases and skin and mucous membrane diseases, respectively (H = 15.142, P = 0.004).

CONCLUSIONThe study shows difference of inpatient cost per visit between subgroups, the cost of public institution was higher than that of other professions, the cost of illiteracy patients was lower than other education level, the cost of inpatients infected through sex was higher than that of intravenous drug users, the cost of neurological diseases was higher than that of other types of opportunistic infections.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections ; economics ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; economics ; Adult ; Female ; Health Care Costs ; Hospitalization ; economics ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections ; diagnosis ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; complications ; Diagnostic Imaging ; methods ; Humans ; Nervous System Diseases ; diagnosis ; etiology

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The frequencies of opportunistic diseases (ODs) vary across countries based on genetic, environmental, and social differences. The Korean HIV/AIDS cohort study was initiated in 2006 to promote research on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Korea, and to provide a logistical network to support multicenter projects on epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory aspects of HIV infection. This study evaluated the prevalence of ODs among HIV-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, and the risk factors associated with ODs. METHODS: The study enrolled 1,086 HIV-infected patients from 19 hospitals. This study examined the baseline data of the HIV/AIDS Korean cohort study at the time of enrollment from December 2006 to July 2013. RESULTS: Candidiasis was the most prevalent opportunistic infection (n = 176, 16.2%), followed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (n = 120, 10.9%), Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (n = 121, 11.0%), cytomegalovirus infection (n = 52, 4.7%), and herpes zoster (n = 44, 4.0%). The prevalence rates of Kaposi’s sarcoma (n = 8, 0.7%) and toxoplasmosis (n = 4, 0.4%) were very low compared with other countries. The risk factors for ODs were a low CD4 T cell count at the time of HIV diagnosis (odds ratio [OR], 1.01; p < 0.01), current smoking (OR, 2.27; p = 0.01), current alcohol use (OR, 2.57; p = 0.04), and a history of tuberculosis (OR, 5.23; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Using recent Korean nationwide data, this study demonstrated that an important predictor of ODs was a low CD4 T cell count at the time of HIV diagnosis. Tuberculosis remains one of the most important ODs in HIV-infected patients in Korea.
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections ; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active ; Candidiasis ; Cell Count ; Cohort Studies* ; Cytomegalovirus Infections ; Diagnosis ; Herpes Zoster ; HIV ; HIV Infections ; Humans ; Korea ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Opportunistic Infections ; Pneumocystis jirovecii ; Pneumonia ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Sarcoma ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Toxoplasmosis ; Tuberculosis

The prevalence of parasitic infections was investigated in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients (n = 105) who visited Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea, during the period from 1995 to 2003. Fecal samples were collected from 67 patients for intestinal parasite examinations, and sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage samples from 60 patients for examination of Pneumocystis carinii. Both samples were obtained from 22 patients. Thirty-three (31.4%) of the 105 were found to have parasitic infections; Cryptosporidium parvum (10.5%; 7/67), Isospora belli (7.5%; 5/67), Clonorchis sinensis (3.0%; 2/67), Giardia lamblia (1.5%; 1/67), Gymnophalloides seoi (1.5%; 1/67), and Pneumocystis carinii (28.3%; 17/60). The hospital records of the 11 intestinal parasite-infected patients showed that all suffered from diarrhea. This study shows that parasitic infections are important clinical complications in HIV-infected patients in the Republic of Korea.
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/*parasitology ; Adult ; Feces/parasitology ; Female ; HIV Infections/*complications ; Humans ; Korea/epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Parasitic Diseases/*epidemiology ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is the secondary most common tumor in HIV-infected individuals. The AIDS-related lymphomas are a late manifestation of HIV infection and may increase in frequency as patients live longer with highly active antiretroviral therapy and effective prophylaxis of opportunistic infections. Histologically AIDS-related NHL are either high (2/3) or intermediate (1/3) grade lymphoma. We report a case of gastric Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in AIDS patient. Two years ago, she was diagnosed as HIV-infected individual in public hospital. She presented with epigastric pain and mass-like sensation. Under the impression of gastric cancer, subtotal gastrectomy was done. But, she diagnosed as diffuse large B cell lymphoma by histologic finding, immunohistochemical study. This is the first report of gastric Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma from AIDS patients in Korea.
Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active ; Gastrectomy ; HIV ; HIV Infections ; Hospitals, Public ; Humans ; Korea ; Lymphoma ; Lymphoma, AIDS-Related ; Lymphoma, B-Cell ; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin* ; Opportunistic Infections ; Sensation ; Stomach Neoplasms

Objective: To understand the characteristics on major strain subtypes of hepatitis C virus among HIV/HCV co-infected patients, so as to explore the molecular transmission clusters and related risk factors of HCV strains. Methods: A total of 336 newly reported HIV-infected patients were diagnosed as HIV/HCV co-infection in Dehong Dai and Jingpo autonomous prefecture (Dehong) in 2016. We used Nested PCR to amplify CE1 and NS5B genes among 318 samples with plasma levels above 200 μl, before using the combining phylogenetic tree and constructing molecular propagation network method to analyze the related data. Results: A total of 267 HIV/HCV co-infection patients who had met the HCV genotyping requirements were screened the gene subtypes were diversified. Among these genotypes, proportions of 3b, 6n, 6u, 1a, 3a and other subtypes appeared as 32.6% (87/267), 18.4% (49/267), 15.7%(42/267), 13.1%(35/267), 11.2%(30/267) and 9.0%(24/267) respectively. Molecular transmission network of five major HCV genotypes was constructed with a clustering rate of 39.1% (95/243). The clustering rate of subtype 1a was the highest, as 71.4% (25/35). Results from the multivariate logistic regression showed that ethnic minorities other than the Yi and Jingpo (vs. the Han, OR=0.17, 95%CI: 0.04-0.71), the married spouses (vs. the unmarried, OR=0.42, 95%CI: 0.18-0.94), the 6n and 3a subtype (vs. the 3b subtype, OR=0.34, 95%CI: 0.12-0.95; OR=0.22, 95%CI: 0.05-0.93) were more difficult to form transmission clusters. However, the 6u and 1a subtype (vs. the 3b subtype, OR=3.10, 95%CI: 1.21-7.94; OR=4.00, 95%CI: 1.32-12.11) seemed more likely to form the transmission clusters. Conclusion: Ethnicity, marital status and genetic subtypes were factors significantly associated with the formation of transmission clusters related to the major HCV gene subtypes among newly reported HIV/HCV co-infection in Dehong.
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/virology* ; Asian People ; China/epidemiology* ; Coinfection ; Genotype ; HIV Infections/virology* ; Hepacivirus/isolation & purification* ; Hepatitis C/virology* ; Humans ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction