AIDS Vaccines ; HIV Infections ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Nigeria

The development of a vaccine that can prevent infection by the human immunodeficiency virus or the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome has remained elusive despite 20 years of scientific effort. This review analyzes the reasons that the development of a vaccine has been so difficult, and proposes a plan to work towards an immunological approach to investigating the best vaccine candidates in the first world in individuals who are already infected, before taking the most promising vaccines to the developing world to attempt to prevent infection and disease.
AIDS Vaccines ; Animals ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Developing Countries ; HIV Infections ; immunology ; prevention & control ; Humans

AIDS Vaccines ; immunology ; China ; Cross Reactions ; Genetic Vectors ; HIV-1 ; immunology ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Immunity, Mucosal

HPV vaccination is the most effective way for preventing the cervical cancer. To respond the WHO calling for cervical cancer elimination, some Chinese provincial governments are launching the Free HPV Vaccination Programs for teenagers. Basing on the current stage of domestic utilization and the global immunization strategies of HPV vaccination, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the key aspects in the process of HPV vaccination, including subjects and priority vaccination population, vaccination dose and time interval, the principal of vaccination replacement, and the vaccination suggestion on special populations, etc. The article above contents and gives the advice on the immunization strategy of HPV vaccination in China.
AIDS Vaccines ; Adolescent ; BCG Vaccine ; China ; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine ; Female ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; Influenza Vaccines ; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine ; Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control* ; Papillomavirus Vaccines ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines ; SAIDS Vaccines ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; Vaccination

The HIV-1 capsid protein (CA) plays an essential role in viral core assembly and maturation. Proteolytic cleavage at the MA-CA junction of the retroviral gag polyprotein refolds the amino-terminal end of capsid into a beta-helix structure that is stabilized by a salt bridge between the protein's processed amino-terminus and a conserved acidic residue. The refolded capsid aminoterminus then creates a new CA-CA interface, allowing assembly of the mature capsid core. Recently, researches focus on assembly of CA in vitro and development of CA vaccine. CA vaccine will provide widely immune protection because CA is comparatively conserved. Experiments demonstrate that fusing as few as four matrix residues onto the amino-terminus of capsid redirects protein assembly from cylinder to spheres in vitro. Evaluation of immunogenicity showed that immunization with virus-like particles induced both cellular and neutralizing antibody responses. Furthermore, mucosal administration of virus-like particles effectively induced both mucosal and systemic immune responses. These results indicate that virus-like particles consisting of HIV structural proteins are an attractive vaccine platform for eliciting anti-viral immune responses, especially neutralizing antibody responses. The production of antigens for vaccines in plants indicates that plant-based transgenic expression represents a viable means of producing CA vaccine for the development of HIV vaccine and for use in HIV diagnostic procedures and it has the potential as a safe and cost-effective alternative to traditional production systems.
AIDS Vaccines ; immunology ; Capsid ; immunology ; metabolism ; Capsid Proteins ; genetics ; immunology ; metabolism ; HIV-1 ; genetics ; immunology ; metabolism ; Virion ; genetics ; immunology ; metabolism

From the first report of AIDS case in the United States in 1981, to the development of effective antiretroviral drugs, researches on HIV/AIDS in the past 25 years made dramatic achievement. Breakthroughs were also made in the epidemiology, virology, immunology, and pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS, and in the development of blood tests for HIV. HIV/AIDS-related researches also made great advances in China in recent years.
AIDS Vaccines ; immunology ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; therapy ; virology ; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active ; HIV ; immunology ; isolation & purification ; pathogenicity ; Humans

AIDS Vaccines ; immunology ; Anti-HIV Agents ; therapeutic use ; HIV Infections ; drug therapy ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Periodicals as Topic

The development of prophylactic AIDS vaccines and immunotherapeutic approaches such as therapeutic AIDS vaccines would greatly benefit from acquired experience in reproductive immunology field relating to pregnancy and infertility. Certain immune and pathological aspects of HIV infection are closely related to problems faced by obstetricians, embryologists, gynecologists, and andrologists. This review attempts to bring together the recent advances in AIDS field with progress made in the physiology and pathology of reproduction in humans. The insight gained in reproductive biology research, particularly in the area of immunotherapy of recurrent spontaneous abortions, can help to develop better strategies for the treatment and prevention of HIV infection.
AIDS Vaccines ; therapeutic use ; Abortion, Habitual ; therapy ; Female ; HIV Infections ; therapy ; Humans ; Immunotherapy, Active ; Infertility, Female ; therapy ; Pregnancy

AIDS Vaccines ; administration & dosage ; genetics ; immunology ; Animals ; HIV Infections ; immunology ; prevention & control ; virology ; HIV-1 ; genetics ; immunology ; Humans ; Immunity, Mucosal

A human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) vaccine which is able to effectively prevent infection would be the most powerful method of extinguishing pandemic of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Yet, achieving such vaccine remains great challenges. The membrane-proximal external region (MPER) is a highly conserved region of the envelope glycoprotein (Env) gp41 subunit near the viral envelope surface, and it plays a key role in membrane fusion. It is also the target of some reported broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Thus, MPER is deemed to be one of the most attractive vaccine targets. However, no one can induce these bNAbs by immunization with immunogens containing the MPER sequence(s). The few attempts at developing a vaccine have only resulted in the induction of neutralizing antibodies with quite low potency and limited breadth. Thus far, vaccine failure can be attributed to various characteristics of MPER, such as those involving structure and immunology; therefore, we will focus on these and review the recent progress in the field from the following perspectives: (1) MPER structure and its role in membrane fusion, (2) the epitopes and neutralization mechanisms of MPER-specific bNAbs, as well as the limitations in eliciting neutralizing antibodies, and (3) different strategies for MPER vaccine design and current harvests.
AIDS Vaccines ; chemistry ; immunology ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; immunology ; HIV Antibodies ; immunology ; HIV Envelope Protein gp41 ; immunology ; HIV-1 ; chemistry ; immunology ; Humans