The aim of study was to explore the frequency of ABO type IgM antibody in infants younger than six months. 309 hospitalized infants younger than six months were selected at first and their EDTA K(3) anticoagulant blood samples were taken. All the infants were divided into five groups: neonates within 1 week as group I; neonates aged 8 to 14 days as group II; neonates aged 15 days to 1 month as group III; infants aged two to 3 months as group IV and infants aged 4 to 6 months as group V. The monocolonal anti-A, anti-B serums, A cells, B cells and O cells were utilized to carried out the blood typing with tube test. The results indicated that from 309 samples tested 33 AB type sample were excluded. Out of the remains of 276 samples, 29 of 46 samples in group I were positive and with the ABO type consistent rate 63% (29/46); 41 of 64 samples in group II were positive and with the ABO type consistent rate 64% (41/64); 47 of 74 samples in group III were positive and with the ABO type consistent rate 63% (47/74); 28 of 45 samples in group IV were positive and with the ABO type consistent rate 62% (28/45); 40 of 47 samples in group V were positive and with the ABO type consistent rate 85%. It is concluded that the ABO type IgM antibody appear in most infants younger than six months and these IgM antibodies may be regarded as the important evidence for ABO typing in infants.
ABO Blood-Group System ; immunology ; Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic ; blood ; immunology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of alanine solution as α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase enzyme reaction buffer on the enzymatic activity of A antigen. The binding ability of α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase with RBC in different reaction buffer such as alanine solution, glycine solution, normal saline (0.9% NaCl), PBS, PCS was detected by Western blot. The results showed that the efficiency of A to O conversion in alanine solution was similar to that in glycine solution, and Western blot confirmed that most of enzymes blinded with RBC in glycine or alanine solution, but few enzymes blinded with RBC in PBS, PCS or normal saline. The evidences indicated that binding of enzyme with RBC was a key element for A to O blood group conversion, while the binding ability of α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase with RBC in alanine or glycine solution was similar. It is concluded that alanine solution can be used as enzyme reaction buffer in A to O blood group conversion. In this buffer, the α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase is closely blinded with RBC and α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase plays efficient enzymatic activity of A antigen.
ABO Blood-Group System ; immunology ; Alanine ; Blood Grouping and Crossmatching ; methods ; Humans ; Solutions ; alpha-N-Acetylgalactosaminidase ; immunology

Anti-H antibody belongs to IgM type cold antibody, which often induces the unconformity of positive and reverse typing and leads to the difficulty in clinical blood typing. Anti-H antibody was found during identification of the counter blood group in 3 cases. The antibody was found to be active at 37 degrees C, room temperature and 4 degrees C when determined by blood group serology, and was finally analyzed to be IgM. It is suggested that not to give erythrocytes of O group unreasoningly to blood recipient of AB group during emergent moment, but instead, to give same type of blood. If there was no same type of blood during urgent events, O type erythrocytes could be employed after being matched by saline centrifuging with host side coincidence and screened by incomplete method. In this case, anti-H antibody leading to adverse-reaction in blood transfusion should be prevented.
ABO Blood-Group System ; immunology ; Adult ; Blood Grouping and Crossmatching ; Female ; Humans ; Isoantibodies ; blood ; Male ; Middle Aged

OBJECTIVETo detect the IgM anti-A (B) and IgG anti-A (B) antibody titers of group O healthy donors in Hainan province area, to understand the distribution of O-type blood donor IgM and IgG antibody titers and to analyze the relationship between antibody titers, so as to provide experimental evidences for the safety and feasibility of urgent transfusion of uncrossmatched group O RBCs.

METHODSGroup O whole blood sample was collected from 80 volunteers blood donors. IgM antibody titrations was performed using the immediate spin (IS) tube, and IgG antibody titration were performed using the column agglutination technique with anti-human globulin (AHG). Using two-way ANOVA, paired t-test and correlation analysis, the different types of antibodies were compared.

RESULTSThe IgM antibody titers distributed in 4-1 024, IgG antibody titer distributed in 2-2 048. Anti-A antibody titers of IgG were significantly higher than that of IgM anti-B, IgG anti-B and IgM anti-A titers (P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation bewteen IgM anti-A and anti-B, IgM anti-B and IgG anti-B, IgG anti-A and anti-B (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONGroup O blood donors have high antibody titers in Hainan province area, type O RBC suspensions should be first screened through screening the anti-A titer of IgG, so that can significantly improve the pass rate of O-type universal blood and reduce testing costs.

The reagent RBC of known blood group is indispensable reagent for detecting antibody in serological identification of ABO blood group. To elevate the accuracy of detection and solve problems for standardization and quality control of prepared reagent RBC, the detection of specificity and affinity of reagent RBC, shaking test, flow cytometry and atomic force microscopy were performed. On the basis of screening and establishing the reagent for quality control, methods for quality inspection and quality control were established. The results indicated that the prepared reagent RBC evaluated in three batches ensured the quality and performance, and decreased the variance between different batches of the products to the utmost. In conclusion, the quality control problems of prepared reagent RBC had been solved and the accuracy of detection for blood types also elevated.
ABO Blood-Group System ; Blood Grouping and Crossmatching ; standards ; Erythrocytes ; immunology ; Humans ; Indicators and Reagents ; Quality Control

OBJECTIVETo analyze and summarize clinical manifestation of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) due to anti-M.

METHODSData of one case of HDN due to anti-M and the reports of 21 cases seen in the past 20 years at the home country were reviewed and analyzed.

RESULTSThere was an increasing number of reports of cases with HDN due to anti-M. Among the 22 cases, four were the first fetus. Of 18 infants, ten were male, and eight were female. The blood group was MN in 19/21 infants, and was M in 2/21 infants. The blood group was N in 10/21 mothers, and was NN in 11/21 mothers. Among the 18 infants, the direct antiglobulin test of 7 infants were positive, of 4 infants were dubiously positive, and of 7 infants was negative. Among the 16 infants, the antibody release test of 13 infants was positive, and of 3 infants were negative. Among 17 infants, the free antibody test of all was positive. Among the 21 mothers, the anti-M of IgG were positive in all mothers, and along with IgM in 11 mothers. The anti-M of IgG was positive in all infants. Mild or severe anemia and icterus were found in all cases. Among the 15 cases, jaundice was evident on the 1st day of life in 11 cases. Among 13 cases, marked elevation of both indirect- and direct-reacting bilirubin levels was reported in 4 cases. Phototherapy was applied when jaundice became evident. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin was given to 4/15 cases. Exchange transfusion were performed in 8 of 22 cases. Three cases died, and 19 cases were cured.

CONCLUSIONHDN of varying degrees of severity has been reported in association with anti-M and can even lead to intrauterine deaths or requiring treatment with exchange transfusion. If the mother has a history of prior intrauterine deaths, abortion, hydrops fetalis, severe fetal anemia or infertile, MN blood group and anti-M antibodies should be tested after excluding the possibility of other causes and HDN due to ABO or Rh blood group incompatibility. As the efficacy of phototherapy increases, the role of exchange transfusion in acute management is rapidly decreasing. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin and/or intramuscular metalloporphyrins may further reduce the need for exchange transfusion. The exchange transfusion may be performed through peripheral arterial (drawn out) and venous (infused in) lines.

BACKGROUND: Most immune reactions related to transfusion and transplantation are caused by IgM ABO antibodies. However, IgG also plays an important role in these reactions. Therefore, a method to measure antibodies, including IgG, is necessary. We investigated ABO antibody titers of healthy individuals using a column agglutination technique (CAT) with or without dithiothreitol (DTT) and compared them with titers obtained using a conventional tube method. METHODS: Among healthy adults who underwent a medical examination, 180 individuals (60 with blood group A, 60 with group B, and 60 with group O) were selected. Antibody titrations were performed using the immediate spin (IS) tube, anti-human globulin (AHG) tube, and CAT with or without DTT methods. RESULTS: Higher median values of anti-B and anti-A titers in groups A and B individuals, respectively, were obtained using the IS method than using the AHG method. Higher values for group O individuals were obtained using the AHG method. Higher median titers of anti-B and anti-A in group O individuals were obtained using CAT without DTT than using the AHG method. Median titers of anti-B and anti-A in all blood groups were higher in CAT without DTT than in CAT with DTT, especially for group O individuals. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend CAT with and without DTT for titration of anti-A and anti-B, especially in group O individuals, to provide more sensitive results that include IgG data. Adjustment of insurance coverage of fees associated with antibody titration might be necessary, considering the actual cost of reagents and personnel.
ABO Blood-Group System/*immunology ; Adult ; *Agglutination Tests/instrumentation ; Antibodies/*analysis/immunology ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G/immunology ; Male ; Middle Aged

In part of the patients with blood disease or malignant tumors, especially those with leukemia and multiple myeloma, the disease state and unsuitable treatment often resulted in the inconsistence between positive and negative ABO blood group, displaying attenuation of the antigen or antibody of ABO blood group. This study was purposed to analyze the course of inconsistence between positive and negative ABO blood group and to perform the correct typing of erythrocytes and genes. The serology, absorption and elution test were used to examine the 12 tumor patient of the inconsistence between positive and negative typing. The 6th, 7th exon and 5-7th introns were amplified by PCR for questionable samples, and the gene sequencing of exon was performed. The results showed that 9 specimens were determined as 6 of A group, 2 of O group, 1 of B group, 3 cases were identified as O46, B108, and A102 group, respectively, by the serology, absorption and elution typing. The genotype of 2 cases among them was not identified because of the erroneous PCR amplified result or the contradicted sequencing results, failing to determine the ABO genotype. It is concluded that the serological method for blood grouping, genotyping, absorption and elution method can be used for the blood samples unable to typing because of the inconsistence between positive and negative typing of ABO group, therefore, guaranteeing the safety and effectiveness.
ABO Blood-Group System ; genetics ; immunology ; Blood Grouping and Crossmatching ; methods ; Genotype ; Genotyping Techniques ; methods ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; genetics ; immunology

This study was purposed to investigate the effect of ABO-incompatible allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) on erythroid lineage hematopoiesis. The changes of ABO group, IgM and IgG antibody in 16 patients received ABO-incompatible allo-HSCT were detected. The results showed that ABO-incompatible allo-HSCT were successfully engrafted in 16 patients, and there was no difference in reconstitution of platelets and neutrophils between ABO-incompatible and ABO-compatible transplantation (p > 0.05). The time of erythroid lineage reconstitution was prolonged (p < 0.05), the disappearance time of isoagglutinins against donor-type RBC in major and bidirectional ABO-incompatible recipients was correlated with the time of erythroid lineage reconstitution. It is concluded that ABO-incompatible allo-HSCT may lead to prolong recovery of erythroid lineage hematopoiesis. Before transplantation, the removal of anti-donor isoagglutinins by plasmapheresis or transfusion of donor's erythrocytes for neutralizing the isoagglutinins against donor's erythrocytes in the recipients may facilitate RBC engraftment and reduce erythrocyte transfusion.
ABO Blood-Group System ; immunology ; Adult ; Blood Group Incompatibility ; blood ; immunology ; Erythrocytes ; immunology ; Female ; Hematopoiesis ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; methods ; Humans ; Male ; Transplantation, Homologous

This study was aimed to establish a genotyping method to detect ABO group gene of fetus from peripheral blood of pregnant women for prenatal diagnosis of hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) resulting from ABO blood group incompatibility. 4 pairs of primers were designed according to ABO blood group gene DNA and mRNA sequences. 20 plasma DNA samples from healthy donors were extracted and amplified to explore the best conditions for plasma DNA extraction and PCR amplification. The O group plasma DNA was mixed with A group or B group plasmas by the ratios of 1:1, 2:1, 4:1, 8:1, 10:1, 20:1, 40:1, 100:1 to simulate the status of mixed ABO gene from pregnant maternal blood and to establish the mixed blood group ABO genotyping technology. The pregnant maternal blood samples with more than 30 weeks of gestation were selected for detecting the fetal ABO blood group genotype. The blood samples should be taken as possible as after birth for identification of ABO blood group and evaluation of sensitivity and accuracy of fetal ABO blood group genotyping technology through peripheral blood of pregnant women. The results indicated that the minimal amount of template DNA from single blood plasma for accuracy identification was at least about 0.625 ng, the DNA amount extracted from 500 microl of plasma could meet the requirement for PCR amplification. When the proportion of O group plasma DNA in mixed plasma DNA was group gene could be accurately detected. Among 14 peripheral blood samples from O-group pregnant women, the non-O group gene was amplified in 9 samples; the non-O group gene was not amplified in 5 samples. The identification of peripheral blood ABO group for 5 newborns using serologic method showed that the A group 3 cases, B group 2 cases, O group 1 case, which consisted with genotyping results with consistent rate 100%. It is concluded that in middle and late pregnancy the fetal ABO group gene can be detected accurately by means of established fetal ABO group gene extraction and typing technology, that provides some guidances for the prenatal diagnosis and prevention of HDN.
ABO Blood-Group System ; genetics ; immunology ; Blood Group Antigens ; blood ; genetics ; Blood Grouping and Crossmatching ; methods ; Female ; Fetus ; immunology ; Genotype ; Humans ; Pregnancy