PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to identify the frequencies and the risk factors of microvascular complications in subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus METHODS: The frequencies and their relation to risk factors of microvascular complications were analyzed in 29 type 1 diabetes mellitus subjects with duration of disease more than 5 years. Microvascular disease was defined as the presence of either retinopathy, microalbuminuria or neuropathy. RESULTS: The overall prevalence rate of microvascular disease was 8/29(27.6%). Retinopathy has developed in 3 patients(10.3%), microalbuminuria in 7 patients(24.0 %) and neuropathy in 5 patients(17.2%). The mean HbA1C was significantly higher in the patients with microvascular complications(11.6+/-.2% in microvascular complication group vs 9.3+/-.6% in control group). CONCLUSION: In childhood onset type 1 diabetes mellitus, poor glycemic control is an important risk factor for microvascular complications.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1* ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors*

PURPOSE: We sought factors affecting amblyopia recurrence after successful treatment.METHODS: We included 117 patients with amblyopia. Patients were divided into recurrence and non-recurrence groups. We analyzed sex, age, amblyopia type, treatment duration, visual acuity, and binocular status.RESULTS: Of the 117 patients, 25 (21.4%) experienced recurrences. In that group, 60.0% of patients (compared to 14.1% of the no-recurrence group) exhibited high-frequency strabismus (p < 0.001). The recurrence group were younger than the no-recurrence group at both the beginning and end of treatment (p < 0.05). None of visual acuity at treatment commencement or end, stereoacuity, or suppression affected amblyopia recurrence.CONCLUSIONS: Recurrent amblyopia is frequent after initial successful treatment if the patient exhibits strabismus or is young.
Amblyopia ; Humans ; Recurrence ; Risk Factors ; Strabismus ; Telescopes ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: To analyze the effects of topical 10% N-acetylcysteine on patients with refractory filamentary keratitis. METHODS: The present study included 29 eyes from 20 patients diagnosed with filamentary keratitis. We analyzed the cause of filamentary keratitis, types of treatments, symptom scores, number of filaments, fluorescein staining, degrees of remission, and recurrence of the disease. RESULTS: A total of 19 eyes treated with filament removal, therapeutic contact lenses, topical antibiotics, topical steroids, topical 0.05% cyclosporine, artificial tears, and punctal plugs showed improvements. Topical 10% N-acetylcysteine was added to 10 patients who did not respond to the usual treatment for more than 1 month. Seven eyes showed a complete remission of disease at an average of 56.22 ± 24.52 days. Two eyes showed a partial remission with less than 1–2 fillaments. One eye stopped 10% N-acetylcysteine treatment because of an irritable sensation. CONCLUSIONS Topical 10% N-acetylcysteine was an effective treatment for refractory filamentary keratitis.

PURPOSE: We report a case of cryotherapy for fungal corneal ulcers that did not respond to antifungal agents. CASE SUMMARY: A 58-year-old man was transferred to our hospital with a left eye corneal ulcer due to pain and visual impairment in his left eye for two weeks, and he was suspected to have a history of fungal infection. At the time of admission, corneal opacity and progressive ulcerative lesions were observed at 5 o'clock in the left eye and visual acuity was 0.025, uncorrected. The corneal ulcer marginal resection, bacterial culture, and potassium hydroxide preparation (KOH) test were performed on lesion sites. Cultures of Candida albicans were reported to grow, topical antibiotics (Fortified tobramycin, Fortified cefazolin, moxifloxacin), and anti-fungal agents (fortified amphotericin B, 0.5%, Natamycin) were administered, but no improvement was observed for 2 weeks. On the 14th day after admission, Cryotherapy was performed. After surgery, eye drops were equally applied, and there was no other discomfort other than pain for 3 days after the operation. He discharged 10 days after surgery, the corneal lesion was healed and the visual acuity was improved to 0.32, uncorrected. CONCLUSIONS: We report a case of cryotherapy for fungal corneal ulcers that did not react with topical antifungal drugs and improved visual acuity and symptom improvement.
Amphotericin B ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Antifungal Agents ; Candida albicans ; Cefazolin ; Corneal Opacity ; Corneal Ulcer* ; Cryotherapy* ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Potassium ; Tobramycin ; Ulcer ; Vision Disorders ; Visual Acuity

Purpose: To investigate the clinical characteristics of infectious keratitis in Gwang-ju, Jeonnam Province, Korea. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 260 eyes of 260 patients diagnosed with infectious keratitis at the Chosun University Hospital from January 2015 to February 2020. Results: The mean age of disease onset was 58.9 years; 132 (50.8%) of all patients were male and 128 (49.2%) female. The culture positivity rate was 24.6%. Gram-negative bacteria were cultured from 38 eyes (59%), Gram-positive bacteria from 21 (33%), and fungi from five (8%). The most commonly isolated microorganism was Stenotrophomonas (xanthomonas) maltophilia (a Gram-negative rod; 17 cases [26.6%]). Prior use of topical antibiotics was significantly more prevalent in the culture-negative than -positive group. In the latter group, the initial visual acuity was poor (p = 0.015) and the frequency of epithelial defects ≥5 mm2 in area was higher than in the culture-negative group (p = 0.001). Trauma caused by vegetable matter (44 eyes, 16.9%) was the most common predisposing factor. The risk factors for a poor visual outcome were such trauma (p = 0.013), previous ocular surgery (p = 0.006), an epithelial defect area greater than 5 mm2 (p < 0.001), and a follow-up period <10 months (p = 0.005). Conclusions The Gwangju Jeollanam-do community is more rural than urban, contains a large older population, and features few hospitals. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are considered to be the most frequent causes of infectious keratitis in Korea. However, in our study Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was the organism most frequently cultured.

PURPOSE: To report a case of endogenous endophthalmitis with an elbow abscess spread from a liver abscess in a patient with hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKP) invasive syndrome.CASE SUMMARY: A 33-year-old healthy male presented with painless visual loss in his right eye. He experienced pain, a febrile sensation, and swelling in his right elbow for 1 week prior. He had no trauma history. Many inflammatory cells, hypopyons, and cyclitic membranes were present in the anterior chamber of the eye but no ocular injection was performed. With a provisional diagnosis of panuveitis, topical antibiotics, steroid, and cycloplegics were administered and subtenon triamcinolone was injected. After orthopedic consultation, an elbow abscess was suspected and surgery was performed. Two days after the surgery, the patient experienced ocular pain and an injection was performed. Fever, chill, and acute deterioration of his general condition were noted which suggested infective endophthalmitis. Emergency vitrectomy was performed but because subretinal and choroidal abscesses were observed during surgery, the surgery was changed to enucleation. A liver abscess was observed using abdominal computed tomography after transfer to the infection medical department and hvKP was positive in the blood, liver, elbow, and eye cultures. CONCLUSIONS A primary liver abscess caused by hvKP occurred in a healthy young man and metastatic infection occurred with endogenous endophthalmitis and a rare elbow abscess. Because hvKP endogenous endophthalmitis has a poor prognosis, rapid diagnosis followed by appropriate treatment is required.

Primary bronchial neoplasms in children, especially malignant lesions, are extremely rare. We report a case of a 10-year old boy with intermediate-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the right intermediate bronchus, presenting as collapse and bronchiectasis after pneumonia. He was diagnosed by bronchoscopic biopsy. The lobectomy was performed. The patient is in good condition 1 year after operation. All reported cases of bronchial mucoepidermoid tumors in children had histologically low or intermediate grade(well differentiated) variety with a benign clinical course. The optimal surgical therapy for bronchial mucoepidermoid tumors is identical. There must be total removal of either mass with the sacrifice of as little normal lung as possible.
Biopsy ; Bronchi* ; Bronchiectasis ; Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid* ; Child ; Humans ; Lung ; Male ; Mucoepidermoid Tumor ; Pneumonia

Little informaition is available concerning the relation between the echocardiographic findings and the pulmonic to systemic flow ratio. Accordingly the author assessed the pattern of the systolic interventricular septal motion and the relation between the type of the systolic interventricular septal motion and the pulmonic to systemic flow ratio in 30 cases with catheterization evidence of secundum atrial septal defect employing the M-mode echocardiographic technique. The results were as follows: 1) Analysis of the pattern of the systolic interventricular septal motion (SESM) allowed classification of cases into 5 groups: Type 1A (4 cases)-Both the right (RS) and left (LS) sides of the interventricular septum move anteriorly during ventricular systole: Type1V (5 cases)-Both RS and LS of the interventricular septum move posteriorly during ventricular systole:Type 2A (9 cases)-LS of the interventricular septum moves posteriorly, while RS fo the interventricular septum remains relatively flat during ventricular systole; Type 2B (8 cases)-RS of the interventricular septum moves anteriorly, while LS of the interventricular septum remains relatively flat during ventricular systole;Type 3(4 cases)-SISM is the same as type 2 and the motion of the left ventricular posterior wall is relatively hyperactive. 2) The pulmonec to systemic flow ratio (Qp/Qs) was statistically different between type 1, 2, and 3 of SISm (Qp/Qs in type 3=2.3+/-0.33;Qp/Qs in type 2=3.4+/-0.79;Qp/Qs in type 3=5.1+/-1.37). 3) Qp/Qs was not different between type 1A and 1B (Qp/Qs in type 1A=2.3+/-0.28;Qp/Qs in type 1B=2.3+/-0.39) and between type 2A and 2B (Qr/Qs in type 2A=2.20+/-0.80; Qp/Qs in type 2B=3.7+/-0.76). 4) Tyep 2 in SISm predicts Qp/Qs> or =2.5(sensitivity=87.5%;specificity=100%;accuracy=90%), and type 3 in SiSm predicts Qp/Qs> or =4.0(sensitivity=40;specificity=100%;accuracy=80%). In conclusion, the pattern of the systolic interventricular septal motion (SISM) in the M-mode echocardiogram may be useful for the semiquantitative assessment of the pulmonic to systemic flow ratio (Qp/Qs) in cases with secundum atrial septal defect.
Catheterization ; Catheters ; Classification ; Echocardiography ; Heart Septal Defects, Atrial* ; Systole

National examination for dietitian's license should be reliable and valid to appreciate the ability to carry out the duty as dietitians in diverse area. Thus, it is necessary to investigate whether the present examination accomplishes the task of the evaluation of ability to perform the minimum duty for dietitians. To analyzes the situation, professor in the university, who educate future dietitians, and currently employed dietitians are surveyed for their opinions about the validity of national examination and future directions. Also dietitian's duty analysis, foreign national system for dietitians license, current educational system, and duty analysis in different areas are analyzed. With results of data analysis and the public hearing, subjects for dietitians examination are proposed. The result are following. About current national examination, the average score of survey was 3.14 for overall examination, 3.54 for the reflection of current education, 2.98 for the minimum ability for the dietitian, 2.47 for the problem solving ability, 2.58 for the ability to adapt the environment, 3.27 for knowledge of the study which is necessary for dietitian, 3.27 for the comprehension, 3.18 for the application, 2.74 for the analysis, 2.84 for synthesis and 2.79 for evaluation. Professors and dietitians show the difference which was statistically significant(p<0.05). Among current 9 subjects for examination, food sanitation and clinical dietary therapy had high scores for validity. In the duty analysis (year 2000), distribution for each subjects were 55.58% for nutrition, 33.15% for food service and hygiene, 6.57% for foundation and 3.83% for food and cookery. By the survey result of dietitian in the food service and clinical setting with the duty analysis, distributions for subject which has above 2.0 score for the validity , difficulty, importance, and frequency , were 59.14% for nutrition, 22.43% for food service and hygiene, 10.26% for foundation, 4.03% for food and cookery, and the other appeared with 3.15%. With the fact that items for duty are composed of attitude items 18%, knowledge items 53%, and technical items 29%, current national examination which mostly evaluate knowledge has only 53% degree of the evaluation for the ability to perform at the job. The proportion of opinion which approves the integration of subjects was 80.3% for professors and 78.7% for dietitians. It was visible as approval, the approval rate of the whole 79.6%. For integrations of subjects for the examination and in what kind of form it was done, the investigation of opinion results in 4 subjects areas of foundation, nutrition, food and cookery, and food service and hygienic field. It was the opinion for 31.4% of the respondent.. With these results, it referred to the national examination and set to the making items in 4 subjects areas of foundation, nutrition, food and cookery, and food service and hygienic field. In the future, it is recommended that, even if subjects for the national examination of dietitians are not changed, the number of questions in the examination, the proportion in the item pool, management of pools, should be adjusted by the 4 subject areas.
Comprehension ; Cooking ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Education ; Food Services ; Hearing ; Hygiene ; Korea* ; Licensure* ; Nutritionists ; Problem Solving ; Sanitation ; Statistics as Topic

No abstract available.
Animals ; Hyaluronic Acid* ; Keratinocytes* ; Mice*