The methods controlling the confounding factors were discussed using the data of secondary infertility with induced abortion. Mantel-Haenszel method and logistic model were applied in the analysis to find out which factors were confounding and/or effect modificaton variables. In the logistic analysis, the main effect of induced abortion, spontaneous abortion, age and interaction effect between induced abortion and spontaneous abortion werechosen as independent variables being regressed into logistic functions. Spontaneons abortion was interpreted as a potential confounder and at the same time potential effect modifier and age wasinterpreted as potential confounder. Spontaneous abortion was shown to be more important influencing factor than age to the secondary infertility. In the course of logistic analysis, the problem of parameter estimation and hypothesis testing, assessing the fitness of a model, and selection of the best model were briegy explained. For the program of logistic model, FUNCAT Procedure of SAS package was chosen.
Abortion, Induced* ; Abortion, Spontaneous ; Female ; Humans ; Infertility* ; Logistic Models* ; Pregnancy

No abstract available.
Cardiovascular Diseases* ; Insulin*

A study on the Aedes togoi to find out important biological and ecological factors as an efficient vector of filariasis, was carried out on Che-Ju Island for two years from 1968 though 1969. Results obtained are as followings: Geographical distribution of the mosquito breeding habitat was found to be extensive covering circular areas of about three km distance along the shore line. The main breeding sites were rockpools and smaller holes on rocks retaining tide and/or rain water with high larval density; water tanks, pots, and other artificial containers retaining only rain water around the houses located within the area with relatively low larval density. Species constitution of adult mosquitos collected in the study villages consisted largely of Aedes togoi with a range of 70-90 per cent by village. The pH of the breeding sites ranged from 5.0 to l0.0, and the chloride content from 0.01 to 28.75 (gm/l). More than fifty per cent of examined sites, however, had pH 5.6-6.5 and chloride content of less than 1.0 gm/1. The natural infection rate of A. togoi by filaria showed proportional relationships with microfilaria rates among the human population by area. Experimental infection of A. togoi by human and dog filaria demonstrated that this species is an efficient vector for both filaria species proved by natural infection as well as experimental infection. Susceptibility of both larva and adult of A. togoi to insecticide, DDT and dieldrin, showed considerable sensitivity in all villages tested.
parasitology-arthropoda ; vector ; Aedes togoi ; epidemiology ; filariasis ; Brugia malayi ; chloride

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Atherosclerosis* ; Insulin Resistance* ; Insulin*

BACKGROUND: The subcellular localization and activity of beta-catenin are tightly regulated within the cell. The aim of this study was to analyze the aberrant beta-catenin expression in breast carcinomas and to determine its clinical significance. METHODS: Fifty five cases of breast carcinoma were immunostained with monoclonal antibodies against beta-catenin. Normal expression of -catenin was defined as exclusive membranous staining. Abnormal expression of beta-catenin was reclassified into 3 categories: complete or partial loss of membranous staining (LOM) without cytoplasmic staining and nuclear staining, LOM with cytoplasmic staining and without nuclear staining, and LOM with nuclear staining and with/without cytoplasmic staining. RESULTS: Normal membranous beta-catenin expression was detected in 25 (45.5%) of 55 cases of breast carcinoma. Thirty cases with abnormal -catenin expression comprised 9 cases (16.1%) showing LOM without cytoplasmic and/or nuclear staining, 20 cases (36.4%) showing LOM with cytoplasmic staining and without nuclear staining, and one case (1.8%) showing LOM with nuclear and cytoplasmic staining. Abnormal beta-catenin expression was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (p=0.03). LOM with cytoplasmic and/or nuclear expression was significantly correlated with poor disease free survival by univariate (p=0.03) and multivariate analyses (p=0.03). In addition, it was correlated with poor overall survival with a borderline significance (p=0.059). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the cytoplasmic and/or nuclear expression of beta-catenin can be used as a biologic marker for predicting disease recurrence and poor patients' survival in breast carcinomas.
Antibodies, Monoclonal ; beta Catenin ; Biomarkers ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast ; Cytoplasm ; Disease-Free Survival ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lymph Nodes ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Recurrence

No abstract available.
Cardiology*

Aged* ; Cardiovascular Diseases* ; Humans

This study is designed to evaluate the clinical characteristics and the outcomes of the management of gestational trophoblastic disease diagnosed at our hospital. With a retrospective review of hospital record from 1989 to 1998, we analysed 54 cases of gestational trophoblastic disease by the clinical characteristics and the outcomes of management. The results are as follows 1. The incidence of the gestational trophoblastic disease compared with delivery is one per 341 deliveries and is decreasing with time(from one per 252 deliveries at 1989 to one per 694 deliveries at 1998). 2. The most frequent age is 20-29 years old(61,1%). 3, The most frequent gravity and parity is 0-2 times(68.5%) and 0-1 time(79.6%) respectively. 4. The symptoms and signs are amenorrhea(94.4%), vaginal bleeding(74,1%), abdominal pain( 33.3%), hyperemesis gravidarum(25.9%), excessive uterine enlargement(24.1%), anemia(18.5%), hyperthyroidism(7.4%), theca lutein ovarian cyst(3.7%), and preeclampsia (1.9%). 5. We divided the patients by the uterine size for gestational age; large for date 50%, normal for date 44.4%, and small for date 5.6%. 6. The antecedent pregnancies of patients with persistent gestational trophoblastic tumor are hydatidiform mole 87.5%, abortion 12.5% in middle risk group and hydatidiform mole 66.7%, term pregnancy 22.2%, abortion 11,1% in high risk group. 7. We divided the patients with persistent gestational trophoblastic tumor by the FIGO staging system; stage I 70.6%, stage II 5.9%, stage III 11.8%, stage IV 11,8%. 8. The regimens of treatment are consisted of D & E only(59.3%), D & E with prophylactic chemotherapy(9.3%), D & E with chemotherapy(25.9%), and D & E with chemotherapy and hysterectomy(5.6%). Complete remissions are shown in 100% of D & E only and D & E with prophylactic chemotherapy, in 85.7% of D & E with chemotherapy, and in 33.3% of D & E with chemotherapy and hysterectomy. Dividing the patients with persistent gestational trophoblastic tumor by the WHO prognostic scoring system, complete remissions are shown in 75% of middle risk group and in 77.8% of high risk group. 9. The duration of chemotherapy for complete remission is 2.5 cycles & 77.5 days in middle risk group and 4 cycles & 130.1 days in high risk group. 10. The subsequent pregnancies after complete remission of gestational trophoblastic disease are term delivery 81%, spontaneous abortion 9.5%, induced abortion 4.8%, and preterm delivery 4.8%.
Abortion, Induced ; Abortion, Spontaneous ; Drug Therapy ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Gestational Trophoblastic Disease* ; Gravitation ; Hospital Records ; Humans ; Hydatidiform Mole ; Hysterectomy ; Incidence ; Lutein ; Parity ; Pre-Eclampsia ; Pregnancy ; Retrospective Studies ; Trophoblastic Neoplasms

No abstract available.
Fever* ; Infectious Mononucleosis* ; Lymphatic Diseases*