如果我们的目标是对人类功能有一个综合的认识以及广泛的开发项目来完善个体和群体功能，我们需要开发适当的测量方法。2001年，第54届世界卫生大会批准的国际功能、残疾和健康分类（ICF），是第一个普遍共享的模式和功能、残疾和健康标志的分类，因此是开发测量工具和最终我们理解功能、残疾和健康的一个重要步骤。由于发展ICF在全世界达成广泛共识过程和提供关于ICF效度的越来越多的证据， ICF作为参考架构和分类已经被接纳和使用。然而，广泛的接纳和使用ICF作为参考架构和分类又依赖于与有关功能的分类和测量相关的理论与方法难题的解决。因此，本文首先描述了ICF类目怎样作为功能测量的基石，然后描述了基于ICF的实用工具和国际标准例如ICF核心分类（ICF Core Sets）的发展现状。最后，本文举例说明了怎样将大量的测量工具与ICF相匹配，反之亦然，有关将通过临床测验或以患者导向的测量工具获得的信息转换到ICF的方法学原则，以及基于ICF的临床和自我报告测量工具的开发。

Adolescent ; Adult ; Ankle Injuries ; Ankle Joint ; diagnostic imaging ; Female ; Humans ; Ligaments, Articular ; diagnostic imaging ; injuries ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Radiography ; Rupture

To evaluate lesion detection of MRI in knee joint osteoarthritis in patients with symptoms of pain, the correlation between MRI findings and varying degrees of reported pain was assessed. Twenty-eight patients (31 knees) with osteoarthritis were recruited for this study. The degree of knee pain was assessed by VRS scores. The knees were evaluated by plain film radiograph utilizing Kellgren-Lawrence scores. Multiple MR sequences were performed on a 1.5T MR-system, including sagittal and coronal dual fast spin echo (TR/TE 3660/11/120 ms, slice thickness 5 mm), coronal spin echo T1-weighted (TR/TE 360/9 ms, slice thickness 5 mm), sagittal fat saturated 3D-spoiled gradient-recalled echo (TR/TE 50/6 ms; slice thickness 1.5 mm; flip angle 40 degrees ), and 3D steady-state free precession (TR/TE 6/2.2 ms; slice thickness 1.6 mm; flip angle 30 degrees ) pulse sequences for the purpose of detecting abnormities of cartilage, menisci, the anterior cruciate ligaments, bone marrow edema-like lesions, osteophytes, synovitis, and joint effusions. MR findings were compared with the degree of pain using Fisher exact test with P values less than 0.05 indicating a statistically significant difference. The results showed that, of the 31 knees evaluated, mild pain was reported in 11 and severe pain in the remainder. Kellgren-Lawrence scores of all 31 evaluated OA knees were as follows: grade 1 lesions (n=6), grade 2 lesions (n=14), grade 3 lesions (n=8), and grade 4 lesions (n=3). Articular cartilaginous defects were found in 37.1% of knees. Abnormalities of the menisci and anterior cruciate ligaments, bone marrow edema-like lesions, osteophytes, synovitis, and joint effusions were detected in 32.3%, 38.7%, 45.2%, 100%, 15.1% and 67.7% of knees, respectively. Of these variables, only the differences in prevalence of joint effusions were significantly different in the mild and severe pain groups (P=0.004). It is concluded that MRI evaluates the entire joint structure of the osteoarthritic knee, demonstrating abnormalities of the cartilage, menisci, and anterior cruciate ligaments as well as bone marrow edema-like lesions, osteophytes, synovitis, and joint effusions. The difference in pain grading between OA patients reporting mild and severe degrees of pain is related to the presence of joint effusion.

OBJECTIVE：To optimize the extraction technology of Senecio scandens ，and to provide reference for the further development and utilization of the medicinal material. METHODS ：The method of reflux extraction with 80 ℃ water bath was used to extract S. scandens . HPLC method was adopted to determine the contents of chlorogenic acid and hyperoside. The determination was performed on Diamonsil C 18 with mobile phase consisted of 0.2％ glacial acetic acid water solution-methanol （82∶18，V/V）at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min；the column temperature was set at 35 ℃；the detection wavelength was 327 nm，and the sample size was 5 μL. UV-Vis spectrophotometry was used to determine the contents of total flavonoids（by rutin ）and total alkaloids （by matrine）and the detection wavelengths were set at 509 nm and 208 nm，respectively. Based on single factor tests ，using ethanol volume fraction （A，％），solvent folds （B，mL/g），extraction time （C，h），extraction times （D，times）as factors ，using the contents of chlorogenic acid ，hyperoside，total flavonoids and total alkaloids as indexes ，and t he weight coefficients of above indicator components were calculated based on information entropy weighting method so as to calculate their comprehensive scores ， then L 9（34）orthogonal design was used to further optimize the extraction technology. The validation tests were also performed. RESULTS：The optimal extraction technology of S. scandens included that 8-fold 50％ ethanol，extracting for 3 times，lasting for 1.5 h each time. Results of 3 times of validation tests showed that RSDs of the contents of chlorogenic acid ，hyperoside，total flavonoids and total alkaloids were all lower than 1.5％（n＝3）. CONCLUSIONS ：The optimized technology is reproducible ， stable and feasible ，and can be used for the extraction of S. scandens .

Tumors often have DNA repair defects, suggesting additional inhibition of other DNA repair pathways in tumors may lead to synthetic lethality. Accumulating data demonstrate that DNA repair-defective tumors, in particular homologous recombination (HR), are highly sensitive to DNA-damaging agents. Thus, HR-defective tumors exhibit potential vulnerability to the synthetic lethality approach, which may lead to new therapeutic strategies. It is well known that poly (adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors show the synthetically lethal effect in tumors defective in BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes encoded proteins that are required for efficient HR. In this review, we summarize the strategies of targeting DNA repair pathways and other DNA metabolic functions to cause synthetic lethality in HR-defective tumor cells.
Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents ; pharmacology ; Breast Neoplasms ; genetics ; DNA Repair ; drug effects ; genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; drug effects ; Genes, Lethal ; genetics ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; drug effects ; Genes, cdc ; drug effects ; Humans ; Mutagenesis ; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors ; Rad52 DNA Repair and Recombination Protein ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Recombination, Genetic ; drug effects ; genetics

The aggressive and invasive nature of brain tumors has hampered progress in the design and implementation of efficacious therapies. The recent success of targeted therapies in other tumor types makes this an attractive area for research yet complicating matters is the ability of brain tumors to circumvent the targeted pathways to develop drug resistance. Effective therapies will likely need to target more than one signaling pathway or target multiple nodes within a given pathway. Key to identifying these targets is the elucidation of the driver and passenger molecules within these pathways. Animal models provide a useful tool with many advantages in the study of these pathways. These models provide a means to dissect the critical components of tumorigenesis, as well as serve as agents for preclinical testing. This review focuses on the use of the RCAS/tv-a mouse model of brain tumors and describes their unique ability to provide insight into the role of oncogene cooperation in tumor development and progression.
Animals ; Avian Leukosis Virus ; genetics ; Avian Proteins ; genetics ; Brain Neoplasms ; genetics ; pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Disease Progression ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; methods ; Genetic Vectors ; Glioma ; genetics ; pathology ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Oncogenes ; genetics ; Receptors, Virus ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of wild-type PTEN on gene expressions of glioblastomas.

METHODSGlioblastoma U87MG cells, which express inactivated PTEN, were transfected with wild-type PTEN constructs and stable transfected clones were selected. Then, cDNA microarray analyses were used to identify differentially expressed genes in wild-type PTEN transfected cells and control cells.

RESULTSTransfected wild-type PTEN inhibited the proliferation of U87MG. By cDNA microarray analyses, 89 cDNA clones were identified, which were differentially expressed in wild-type PTEN transfected cells and control cells. Among these genes, 13 genes were unknown and 76 genes were known genes, including glial fibrillary acidic protein, p21/WAF1, human TGF-beta inducible early protein, human DNA fragmentation factor 45 etc.

CONCLUSIONWild-type PTEN can affect the expressions of multiple genes, by which it regulates the proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of glioblastomas.

Brain Neoplasms ; genetics ; Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Glioblastoma ; genetics ; Humans ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; PTEN Phosphohydrolase ; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases ; genetics ; physiology ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins ; genetics ; physiology

To evaluate lesion detection of MR1 in knee joint osteoarthritis in patients with symptoms of pain,the correlation between MRI findings and varying degrees of reported pain was assessed.Twenty-eight patients(31 knees)with osteoarthritis were recruited for this study.The degree of knee pain was assessed by VRS scores.The knees were evaluated by plain film radiograph utilizing Kellgren-Lawrence scores.Multiple MR sequences were performed on a 1.5T MR-system,including sagittal and coronal dual fast spin echo(TR/TE 3660/11/120 ms,slice thickness 5 mm),coronal spin echo T1-weighted(TR/TE 360/9 ms,slice thickness 5 mm),sagittal fat saturated 3D-spoiled gradient-recalled echo(TR/TE 50/6 ms; slice thickness 1.5 mm; flip angle 40°),and 3D steady-state free precession (TR/TE 6/2.2 ms; slice thickness 1.6 mm: flip angle 30°)pulse sequences for the purpose of detecting abnormities of cartilage,menisci,the anterior cruciate ligaments,bone marrow edema-like lesions,osteophytes,synovitis,and joint effusions.MR findings were compared with the degree of pain using Fisher exact test with P values less than 0.05 indicating a statistically significant difference.The results showed that,of the 31 knees evaluated,mild pain was reported in 11 and severe pain in the remainder.Kellgren-Lawrence scores of all 31 evaluated OA knees were as follows: grade 1 lesions(n=6),grade 2 lesions(n=14),grade 3 lesions(n=8),and grade 4 lesions(n=3).Articular cartilaginous defects were found in 37.1% of knees.Abnormalities of the menisci and anterior cruciate ligaments,bone marrow edema-like lesions,osteophytes,synovitis,and joint effusions were detected in 32.3%,38.7%,45.2%,100%,15.1% and 67.7% of knees,respectively.Of these variables,only the differences in prevalence of joint effusions were significantly different in the mild and severe pain groups(P=0.004).It is concluded that MRI evaluates the entire joint structure of the osteoarthritic knee,demonstrating abnormalities of the cartilage,menisci,and anterior cruciate ligaments as well as bone marrow edema-like lesions,osteophytes,synovitis,and joint effusions.The difference in pain grading between OA patients reporting mild and severe degrees of pain is related to the presence of joint effusion.

0.05) and the two methods had good correlation(r=0.822).CONCLUSIONS The method of FCST established by as in this study is simple,repeatable,with high accuracy and easy to determine MIC and has good application prospects in clinical antifungal susceptibility testing.

目的人们可能罹患各种疾病并且有不同的健康状况，但是为了充分认识人类生活所处的健康状况，需要有关疾病或健康状况对人类生活影响的综合性信息。本文要探讨健康状况的影响，健康状况可以用国际疾病分类(ICD)术语进行分类，功能概念用国际功能、残疾与健康分类(ICF)术语进行描述。本研究确定了一套ICF的分类类目作为功能属性，与ICD联合应用用于描述普遍的健康状况的影响。方法用于描述任何健康状况下功能属性特征的ICF类目从3个主要的通用健康状况评定工具中选择出来，这三个工具是：世界卫生组织残疾评定量表2.0(WHODAS 2.0)、世界健康调查(WHS)问卷和ICF核心分类集（ICF core sets）通用版类目的一个清单。结果根据特定的功能领域建立了一套描述健康状况影响的ICF类目。结论在ICD-11修订的背景之下，通过一系列的功能属性的ICF类目列表联合运用ICD和ICF可以实现两种分类的有价值的整合，有益于加强患者管理、干预方案的设计和健康结果的报告，能使我们将疾病的严重程度与疾病的影响区别开来。在卫生信息系统应用中， ICD-ICF联合运用建立了一种持续性卫生保健的共享的正式信息表征。