Obiective To observe the effects of carbamazepine on morphology and glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)expression of astrocytes in hippocampus of Sprague-Dawley rats.Methods Astrocytic expression was observed with GFAP immunohistochemical staining.Results Compared to control group,GFAP immunoreactivity and the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes were significantly increased after 3 months of carbamazepine administration.Conclusion The changes of astrocytic expression induced by carbamazepine are time-dependent.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the changes in bacteria constitution in severe burn wounds in different stages so as to provide reference for clinical prevention and treatment.METHODS A total of 36 casualties with severe burn injuries(≥50.0% total burn surface area) and hospitalized within 5 days post-burns from 2004 to 2006 were enrolled in the study.Samples were collected in the burn wounds from the first day to two months post-burns.RESULTS Totally 476 bacterial strains were isolated and Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 64.1%.However,in term of the single bacterial strain,Staphylococcus aureus(SAU) ranked first and the follows were Pseudomonas aeruginosa(PAE) and Acinetobacter baumannii(ABA).During the first week and the six weeks to 2 months post-burns,Gram-positive bacteria were dominant and SAU ranked first.From the second week to the fifth week,Gram-negative bacteria were dominant,PAE and ABA were the main bacteria.Even though Gram-negative bacteria dominated in these periods,SAU still ranked the first or the second in terms of single bacterial strain.CONCLUSIONS Bacteria constitution in burn wounds differs in different stages.It must be stressed to prevent infections of SAU regardless of any stages,as well as ABA infections since the percentage of ABA has increased markedly in recent years.

Non-coding small RNA mainly includes microRNA, small interfering RNA and RNA interacting with PIWI protein.Studies have shown that non-coding small RNA plays an increasingly important role in the epigenetic regulation.Non-coding small RNA is involved in the regulation of gene expression by gene transcription, post-transcription and mRNA translation.Non-coding small RNA is closely related to many human diseases, especially the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of melanoma.

Objective:To explore the changes of serum cholinesterase(ChE)and its clinical significance in patients with sepsis.Methods:Serum cholinesterase concentration,acute physiology and chronic health evaluation(APACHE)Ⅱ scores were estimated in patients.The patients in this study were divided into the sepsis group and the non-sepsis group.The patients with sepsis were further divided into the death group and the survival group.The influence of altered serum ChE levels on prognosis was compared between the groups.Results:(1)Serum ChE was significantly lower in patients of sepsis group than that of control group(P ＜ 0.01).(2)In patients with sepsis,the serum ChE level was significantly lower in the death group compared with that of survival group(P ＜ 0.05).(3)In patients with sepsis the serum ChE levels were significantly negatively correlated with APACHE Ⅱ scores(r=-0.280,P ＜ 0.05),positively correlated with serum albumin and body mass index(r=0.458 and 0.287,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion:Serum ChE levels can be used to determine the prognosis and severity of illness in patients with sepsis.

Objective To investigate the expression ofpodocalyxin(PCX) in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) and its clinical significance.Methods A total of 68 patients with DN were enrolled as DN group.Another 20 healthy person were selected as control group.The patients with DN were divided into three sub-groups:normal albuminuria group(＜ 30 mg/g,group A),microalbuminuria group(≥30 mg/g but ＜ 300 mg/g,group B) and macroalbuminuria group (≥ 300 mg/g,group C).The level of urinary PCX was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results The level of urinary PCX,serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen in DN group was higher than that in control group [(27.44 + 6.87) μ g/L vs.(3.52 +1.13) μ g/L,(154.82 ± 11.54) μ mol/L vs.(82.56 ± 5.71) μ mol/L,(8.79 ± 0.58) mmol/L vs.(4.23 ± 0.34)mmol/L,P ＜0.01].The level of urinary PCX in group A,B,C was (18.04 ±4.12),(23.58 ±5.43),(32.18 ± 6.05) μ g/L,and there was significant difference among three groups (P ＜ 0.05).The level of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen was (138.54 + 8.66),(142.16 ± 11.74),(165.13 ± 12.85) μ mol/L and (8.48 ± 0.43),(8.56 ± 0.61),(10.04 + 1.17) mmol/L in group A,B,C,there was no significant difference between group A and group B(P＞ 0.05),but there was significant difference between group A and group C,or between group B and group C (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The high-level expression of urinary PCX is found in DN patients,which maybe play a key role in the early diagnosis and assessment of the progression of DN.

Objective To observe the effect of glutathione on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats .Methods Fifty-four SD rats in good conditions were divided into three groups at random:control group ,BLM group,glutathione(GSH) group.On experimental day(day 0),the rats were intratracheally instilled with bleomycin(5mg?kg -1 .body weight),and then treated with intraperitoneal injection of glutathione .On days 7,14,28 after instillation ,six rats of each group were sacrified respectively and the lungs were harvested for histopathological examination and determinations of GSH and hydroxyproline(HYP).Results Pathological findings of GSH group were the same as BLM group,but compared with BLM group,pathomorphologic changes in GSH group was a small extent.The content of GSH in lung tissue was increased significantly(P0 05).Conclusions Glutathione has anti-oxidation and may protect lung tissue free from oxidation injury, but it has no protecting effect on collagen deposition caused by bleomycin.

Objective To investigate whether XRCC1 was associated with the occurrence of leukemia through the comparison of XRCC1 gene′s polymorphism and hypermethylation between leukemia patients and healthy people .Methods Restriction fragment length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction (PCR‐RFLP) and methylation specific polymerase chain reaction(MSP) were used to detect the polymorphism and promoter region′s methylation of XRCC1 gene in 150 patients with leukemia(patients group) and 150 healthy persons (control group) .Results In different types of leukemia patients ,the genotype of XRCC1 gene loci rs1799782 , rs25487 and rs25489 loci changed in different degrees .The positive rate of XRCC1 gene methylation in different subgroups of pa‐tients group were not statistically significantly different from that of control group(P>0 .05) .Conclusion Genotype distribution and allele frequency and leukemia susceptible have some correlation ,but hypermethylation phenomenon may not exist in XRCC1 gene in leukemia .

Objective:To establish a method to determine the entrapment efficiency of loratadine binary ethosomes. Methods:The gel microcolumn centrifugation method was employed to separate the free drug from loratadine binary ethosomes. The content of lorata-dine was determined by HPLC to calculate the entrapment efficiency. Results: A calibration linear curve of loratadine concentration was within the range of 10. 2-102. 0 μg·ml-1(r=0. 999 5). The average entrapment efficiencies of three batches of loratadine binary ethosomes were 86. 75%, 87. 26% and 86. 00%, respectively. Conclusion:The method is simple and rapid, and can be used to de-termine the entrapment efficiency of loratadine binary ethosomes accurately.

Clinical studies remain the corresponding risk, during the study period can sometimes cause pa-tients/subjects health damage directly or even life safety;also some at the end of the study after a certain period or in the offspring can reflect the long-term adverse effects. Clinical research project risk classification method is dis-cussed, according to the influencing factors of risk can be divided into two categories, their sexual and artificially, and from their sexual risk, the researchers risk, the sponsor problems and subjects of the four aspects of risk identi-fication and evaluation is discussed in detail. Based on this, advances the tactics of risk aversion: construction of clinical research and regulation of ethical management platform,To strengthen the external supervision of research project risk, The sponsor or researchers do their job, To strengthen the construction of institutional ethics committee ability, Give full play to the institutional ethics committee functions,Risk transfer and reduce the risk.