BACKGROUND: Chronic spontaneous urticaria is a debilitating disease for the patients and often considered by the doctors a very difficult disease to treat. In 2009 the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology/Global Allergy and Asthma European network/European Dermatology Forum/World Allergy Organization (EAACI/GA2LEN/EDF/WAO) published a revised version of the guidelines for the treatment of urticaria which included an algorithm for the treatment. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the clinical effect and the practical use of the algorithm. METHODS: The study was performed as a case-series study of all newly referred patients to our urticaria clinic over a period of 18 months. RESULTS: Our results show that the single most important and efficient treatment of urticaria patients is up dosing non-sedating antihistamines as recommended by the EAACI/GA2LEN/EDF/WAO guidelines. We did not find any predicting factors for responders to the antihistamine treatment, but about one third of the patients did not respond to the up-dosing of the antihistamines. CONCLUSION: Antihistamines seems to be the most efficient treatment for urticaria; other treatments such as montelukast, azathioprine, and mycophenolate mofetil may also be used, but only in combination with antihistamines and only in the case of an independent antihistamines treatment failure. The EAACI/GA2LEN/EDF/WAO guideline for the treatment of urticaria offers an efficient and simple guidelines for the treatment of urticaria.
Asthma ; Azathioprine ; Dermatology ; Histamine Antagonists ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Tertiary Care Centers* ; Tertiary Healthcare* ; Treatment Failure ; Urticaria*

No abstract available.
Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; Urticaria ; Omalizumab

SG600, SG900 and SG1100 were synthesized by the sol-gel method. Further treatments with increasing temperatures influenced and determined the crystallization degree of the material. Primary cultured osteoclasts were incubated for 4h and 48h on samples. Osteoclast actin labeling was examined by cytochemical staining. The concentrations of Ca and P in culture medium were quantified by colorimetric methods. SEM examined osteoclast morphology and resorption lacuna. Actin staining revealed on all three materials the typical adhesion contact ring. The Ca concentration in the culture medium of SG600 was significantly higher than that in control medium, SG900 and SG1100. Ca and P concentrations were always higher in culture media with the presence of osteoclasts. Morphological studies by scanning electron microsopy(SEM) showed a good adhesion behavior of osteoclasts on all three samples. Well-developed and deep resorption lacunae appearing after the osteoclastic resorption action were detected on all three samples. The synthetic bioglasses with different crystallizations caused different solubility, which seemed to have little effect on the osteoclast resorption behavior. The results of morphological studies on osteoclasts and resorption lacunae clearly demonstrate that the synthetic bioglasses are easily resorbed in vitro by osteoclasts.
Absorbable Implants ; Biocompatible Materials ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Bone Substitutes ; Cells, Cultured ; Ceramics ; Crystallization ; Osteoclasts ; cytology ; metabolism ; ultrastructure ; Phase Transition