A Kinase Anchor Proteins ; Cardiomegaly ; metabolism ; Humans

A Kinase Anchor Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; genetics ; metabolism

To determine the role of outer dense fiber (ODF) in multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella in Akap4 gene defect mice.
 Methods: Akap4 knock-out (KO) mouse model was established by using gene editing technology. Akap4-KO male mice were identified by genotype. Seven sexually mature male Akap4-KO mice served as an experimental group, and 7 sexually mature wild-type (WT) male mice served as a control group. The changes in body weight and testicular weight were measured. Computer aided sperm analysis (CASA) was used to detect sperm motility. Sperm morphology was detected by modified Periodic Acid-Schif (PAS) staining. The ultra-structure of sperm was observed under the scanning and transmission electron microscope. Sperm flagella associated protein expression and localization were detected by immunofluorescence. Spermatogenesis function of testis was evaluated by HE and PAS staining. Ultra-structure of seminiferous tubules was observed under the transmission electron microscope.
 Results: Akap4-KO mice had no natural fertility. The sperm motility of Akap4-KO male mice was lower than that of WT male mice (8.81% vs 46.02%, P<0.01). In Akap4-KO male mice the percentage of sperm, with shortened tail and coiled tail was 91.18% which was higher than that of WT male mice (P<0.01). There was no statistically significance in the testicular weight, spermatogensis function, and sperm count between the 2 groups (P>0.01). The longitudinal column of fibrous sheath in Akap4-KO male mice was absent, and the residues of transverse rib remained, which was consistent with the immunofluorescence localization of AKAP3 protein. No. 3 and No. 8 ODF in the principal piece were disordered, which was in consistent with ectopic localization of ODF2 protein.
 Conclusion: Multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella in mice are resulted from disorder of "9+2" microtubules and the abnormally expanded lumen at the proximal of the principal piece via causing dysplasia of the transverse rib due to Akap4 gene defect, and separation of the ODF of No. 3 and No. 8 via loss of longitudinal column.
A Kinase Anchor Proteins ; Animals ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Infertility, Male ; Male ; Mice ; Sperm Motility ; Sperm Tail ; Spermatozoa

This article reviews the advances in the studies of A-kinase anchor proteins (AKAPs) in sperm, including their classification, structure and mechanism. The influence of AKAPs that are involved on sperm mobility and acrosome reaction is emphasized. We hope it could play a directive role in the studies of AKAPs that are involved in regulating sperm mobility and acrosome reaction.
A Kinase Anchor Proteins ; Acrosome Reaction ; physiology ; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; chemistry ; physiology ; Animals ; Cattle ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Sperm Motility ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of Src family kinases (Fgr, Hck, Lyn) and the major protein kinase C substrate SSeCKS in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and determine the possible mechanism regulating differential expression.

METHODSKupffer cells were stimulated with CCL4 and effect on SSeCKS, Hck, Fgr, and Lyn expression was detected by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to create a NASH model by feeing a high fat diet. The modeled rats were divided into a model group and a normal group. After sacrifice, the extent of hepatic steatosis and inflammation was assessed, and the expression levels of SSeCKS and Hck, Fgr, Lyn were detected by immunohistochemical staining.

RESULTSExpression of Lyn and Hck was decreased in the CCL4-stimulated Kupffer cells and the change in expression level was positively associated with levels of inflammatory stimuli (P < 0.01). The change in expression of SSeCKS in the CCL4-stimulated Kupffer cells was negatively correlated with inflammatory stimuli (P < 0.01). Fgr expression was very low in the unstimulated Kupffer cells and was not affected by the exposure to inflammatory stimuli. The number of inflammatory cells in the liver tissues of rars were negatively correlated with expression of Lyn, Hck and SSeCKS (P < 0.01), with low negative correlation for Lyn (r =-0.398, P < 0.01) and moderate negative correlation for Hck (r=-0.508, P < 0.01); the Lyn and Hck expression levels were highly positively correlated (r =0.942, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSrc family kinases (Lyn, Hck and Fgr) and SSeCKS are involved in development and progression of NASH, and their differential expression patterns are associated to a certain extent. The factors may represent potential targets of therapy for NASH-related inflammation.

A Kinase Anchor Proteins ; Animals ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; Fatty Liver, Alcoholic ; Inflammation ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; src-Family Kinases

A Kinase Anchor Proteins ; metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; metabolism ; Lipopolysaccharides ; pharmacology ; Liver ; metabolism ; pathology ; Protein Kinase C ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Signal Transduction

One of the most common causes of male infertility is asthenospermia, whose pathogenesis, however, is not yet clear. Recent researches have found that some genes (such as tektin-2, DNAI1, DNAH5, DNAH11, AKAP4, SEPT4 and Smcp) and proteins (such as sperm proteins ACTB, ANXA5, PRM1, PRM2 and SABP and seminal proteins Tf, PSA, PAP and Fractalkine) are associated with asthenospermia. The finding of these molecular markers has provided a base for the explanation of the molecular mechanism of asthenospermia, and these markers may become the diagnostic and therapeutic targets of the disease.
A Kinase Anchor Proteins ; genetics ; Animals ; Asthenozoospermia ; genetics ; metabolism ; Cytoskeletal Proteins ; genetics ; DNA Methylation ; genetics ; GTP Phosphohydrolases ; genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Mutation ; Septins

OBJECTIVETo investigate the correlation between expression of A-kinase anchoring protein 95 (AKAP95) and protein expression of cyclin E1 and cyclin D1 in lung cancer tissue.

METHODSFifty-one cases of lung cancer were included in the study. The protein expression of AKAP95, cyclin E1, and cyclin D1 were measured by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTSThe protein expression of cyclin E1 in lung cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in para-cancerous tissues (positive rate: 75.56%vs 20%, P < 0.01); its expression showed no relationship with histopathological type, lymph node metastasis, and cellular differentiation (P > 0.05). The protein expression of cyclin D1 in lung cancer tissues was higher than that in para-cancerous tissues (positive rate: 69.39% vs 14.29%); its expression showed a significant relationship with histopathological type (P < 0.05). The expression of AKAP95 was correlated with the protein expression of cyclin E1 and cyclin D1 in lung cancer tissues (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONCyclin E1 and cyclin D1 are highly expressed in lung cancer tissue, suggesting that they play an important role in the development and progression of lung cancer. The protein expression of cyclin E1 has no relationship with cellular differentiation, lymph node metastasis, and histopathological type of lung cancer, and the protein expression of cyclin D1 has a significant relationship with histopathological type. The expression of AKAP95 is correlated with the protein expression of cyclin E1 and cyclin D1 in lung cancer tissue.

A Kinase Anchor Proteins ; metabolism ; Adult ; Aged ; Cyclin D1 ; metabolism ; Cyclin E ; metabolism ; Humans ; Lung ; metabolism ; pathology ; Lung Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Middle Aged ; Oncogene Proteins ; metabolism

AIMTo perform screening, related to A-kinase anchoring proteins 4 (AKAP4) and tubulin proteins, in spermatozoa with absent or severely reduced motility in order to detect the status of the fibrous sheath and the axonemal structure.

METHODSAn immunocytochemical study of tubulin, used as a positive control, and AKAP4 was carried out to detect the presence and the distribution of these proteins in different sperm samples. The morphological characteristics of sperm were studied by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and the results were elaborated using a formula reported in previous studies. PCR was carried out on DNA extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes to analyse partial sequences of the Akap4 and Akap3 genes.

RESULTSImmunolabelling of tubulin and AKAP4 showed different patterns, which led us to divide the patients into groups. In group I, the absence of AKAP4 and tubulin was revealed, although these patients did not show alterations in the Akap4/Akap3 binding site. TEM evaluation highlighted that a high presence of necrosis was associated with total sperm immotility. In group II, a regular AKAP4 and tubulin signal was present, although motility was reduced and TEM analysis revealed the presence of immaturity. In group III, in which a weak AKAP4 label associated with normal tubulin staining and reduced motility was observed, a severe disorganization of the fibrous sheath was highlighted by TEM.

CONCLUSIONWhile the role of AKAP4 in sperm motility is unclear, absent or weak AKAP4-labelling seems to be associated with absent or weak sperm motility.

A Kinase Anchor Proteins ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; genetics ; physiopathology ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Protein Precursors ; genetics ; metabolism ; Semen ; physiology ; Sperm Motility ; Spermatozoa ; physiology ; ultrastructure ; Tubulin ; genetics ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo study the expression of A-kinase anchor protein 95 (AKAP95), cyclin E(2), and connexin 43 (Cx43) in lung cancer tissue, the clinical significance of their expression, and the expression correlation among the three proteins.

METHODSFifty-one samples of lung cancer tissue were examined by immunohistochemistry to measure the expression of AKAP95, cyclin E2, and Cx43.

RESULTSThe positive rate of AKAP95 expression in lung cancer tissue was significantly higher than that in paracancerous tissue (82.35% vs 33.33%, P < 0.05); AKAP95 expression was associated with the cell differentiation and histopathological type of lung cancer (P < 0.05). The positive rate of cyclin E(2) expression in lung cancer tissue was significantly higher than that in paracancerous tissue (43.14% vs 13.33%, P < 0.05); cyclin E(2) expression was associated with the lymph node metastasis and histopathological type of lung cancer (P < 0.05). The positive rate of Cx43 expression in lung cancer tissue was lower than that in paracancerous tissue (60.78% vs 80.00%); Cx43 expression was associated with the cell differentiation, lymph node metastasis, and histopathological type of lung cancer (P < 0.05). There was correlation between each two of AKAP95 expression, cyclin E(2) expression, and Cx43 expression in lung cancer tissue.

CONCLUSIONHigh expression of AKAP95 and cyclin E(2) plays an important role in the occurrence and development of lung cancer. AKAP95 expression is associated with the cell differentiation and histopathological type of lung cancer, and cyclin E2 expression is associated with lymph node metastasis and histopathological type. There is correlation between each two of AKAP95 expression, cyclin E(2) expression, and Cx43 expression in lung cancer tissue.

A Kinase Anchor Proteins ; metabolism ; Adult ; Aged ; Connexin 43 ; metabolism ; Cyclins ; metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Lung ; metabolism ; pathology ; Lung Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Male ; Middle Aged