As a Y-box transcdption factor,ZONAB performs biological functions of promoting the proliferation and inhibiting the differentiation of epithelial cells,regulating the function of tight junctions,as well as promoting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition.ZONAB plays its transcriptional activity by interacting with other tight junction elements and genes,proteins,enzymes and transcription factors which are enrolled in the cell cycle.Meanwhile,its transcriptional activity is also regulated by many other factors.ZONAB takes part in the proliferation,differentiation of epithelial cells,stress reaction,organogenesis and oncogenesis progress,which has been proved to be associated with the genesis and development of many diseases.The regulation mechanism and clinical significance of ZONAB has been the focus at home and abroad.

Objective To clinically analyze the incidence of early extrapulmonary complications in premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia(BPD),including periventricular intraventricular hemorrhage(PVH-IVH),white matter injury(WMI),parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis(PNAC) and metabolic bone disease(MBD),in order to direct the prevention and monitoring of these complications in BPD patients.Methods The clinical data of premature infants who were admitted to the neonatal department between September 2014 and December 2015 was retrospectively analyzed.A total of 87 premature infants diagnosed with BPD were studied as BPD group,while other 90 premature infants without BPD who were hospitalized at the same time were randomly selected as non BPD group.The occurrence of several common extrapulmonary complications was compared between two groups,including PVH-IVH,WMI,PNAC and MBD.Results The incidence of PVH-IVH in BPD group increased compared with non BPD group[(26.4%(23/87) vs 11.1%(10/90)] (P＜0.01),grade Ⅰ-Ⅱ PVH-IVH was more often seen in the BPD group too[24.1%(21/87) vs.11.1%(10/90)](P＜0.05),although the difference between two groups regarding the incidence of grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ PVH-IVH was not significant (P＞0.05).The incidence of WMI in BPD group was much higher than that in non BPD group[33.3%(29/87) vs 16.7%(15/90)] (P＜0.05),especially periventricular leukomalacia,the severe type of WMI,was more often found in BPD group than that in non BPD group[13.7%(12/87) vs 2.2%(2/90)](P＜0.05).The incidences of PNAC[22.9%(20/87) vs 5.5%(5/90)],MBD[17.2%(15/87) vs 3.3%(3/90)] and MBD with imaging changes[6.9%(6/87) vs 0] were all higher in BPD group compared with non BPD group,with significant differences between the two groups (P＜0.05).Conclusion BPD patients are more likely to have early extrapulmonary complications like PVH-IVH,WMI,PNAC and MBD than other preterm infants.It is crucial to prevent these complications reasonably and monitor them regularly for the BPD patients in order to improve the quality of life.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia（BPD）is a significant complication that greatly impacts the prognosis of preterm infants.The incidence of pulmonary hypertension（PH）in preterms with moderate to severe BPD is relatively high，which further increases the mortality among infants with BPD.Diagnosis of BPD could be made until 36 weeks corrected gestational age，and the clinical manifestations of BPD-PH are also not specific enough for accurate identification.Cardiac catheterization is considered the gold standard for diagnosis，which is an invasive procedure，while echocardiography heavily relies on the experience of operator，limiting early detection of both BPD and BPD-PH.N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide（NT-proBNP），secreted by ventricular myocytes in response to volume or pressure overload，has been widely utilized in assessing cardiac load in cases of congenital heart disease.Recent studies have shown that the blood NT-proBNP levels significantly elevate in infants with BPD within one week after birth and during the development stage of BPD.Additionally，there is a substantial increase in NT-proBNP levels from 28 to 36 weeks corrected gestational age，which has both high sensitivity and high specificity in predicting the occurrence of BPD-PH.Therefore，NT-proBNP is expected to serve as a biomarker for the early prediction of BPD and BPD-PH.This review summarized the biological function，metabolic characteristics，and current research advancements regarding NT-proBNP in BPD and BPD-PH.The aim is to utilize NT-proBNP as an early predictor for BPD and BPD-PH，enabling timely identification of premature infants with high risk factors of these diseases，and facilitating prompt intervention to ultimately enhance prognosis.

The number of dental schools increased from 55 in 2000 to 66 in 2019 in the United States. The number of public, private, and private-state-related dental schools were 40, 22 and 4, respectively. A majority of them were located in most developed areas, such as western, eastern, and southern regions of the country. In the same period, the number of freshman enrollees rose from 4 234 to 6 231 while the average of enrollees kept under 100. On the basis of learning relevant experiences of the United States, it might be necessary for China to expand the overall scale of stomatology education in order to address the shortage of dentists, take measures to increase the number of stomatology schools and improve their distribution, and control the number of enrollees per school to enhance the quality of education.