Among the elective Surgeries performed at Hanyang University Hospital from March to July 1986, 150 cases were studied. Each 50 cases were given diazepam, lorazepam and mep-eridine as prefnedicants. In the diazepam and lorageparm group, each 25 cases were given by intramuscvlary and intravenously. 40 minutes after injection, scoring the degree of sedation was performed. Scoring the degree of sedation was adopted by "Simple Scoring System" (Nisbet and Norria, 1963). The results were as follows : 1) Comparison of diazepam, lorazepam and meperidine intramusclar administration, sign-ificantly lower souring wan defined in meperidine. (p<0.05 7r riait analysis) 2) Comparison of scoring in intramuscular and intravenous administration of diagepam and lorazepam, no significance were defined in both groups. (p>0.05 by ridit analrsis in both groups) 3) Environmental factors (sex, grade of education, religion and sits of operation) were not influenced on scoring significantly. (p>0.05 by Chi-square test)
4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid ; Administration, Intravenous ; Diazepam* ; Education ; Lorazepam* ; Meperidine*

OBJECTIVE: To determine the changes in dental anxiety, state anxiety, and trait anxiety levels of patients and their parents after 3 months of active orthodontic treatment. METHODS: We evaluated 120 patients and one parent of each patient. State Anxiety (STAI-S), Trait Anxiety (STAI-T), and Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) were administered before orthodontic treatment (T1) and after 3 months of treatment (T2). Differences in scores between T1 and T2 were compared using paired-sample t-tests and the relationship between the scores of the DAS and the STAI were analyzed using a bivariate two-tailed Pearson correlation test. RESULTS: Dental anxiety and state anxiety levels decreased among the patients after adjustment to orthodontic treatment (p < 0.001). However, 3 months of treatment was not sufficient to decrease the anxiety levels of parents (p > 0.05). Patient trait anxiety affected patient state anxiety and dental anxiety (p < 0.01). Additionally, a significant correlation was found between patient dental anxiety and parent dental anxiety (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Dental anxiety and state anxiety levels decrease after patients become familiar with their orthodontist and they became accustomed to orthodontic treatment. However, 3 months is not a sufficient length of time to decrease parental anxiety levels.
4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid ; Anxiety ; Behavioral Sciences ; Compliance ; Dental Anxiety ; Humans ; Parents

The number of orthopedic patients is increasing according to the increase of traffic and industrial accidents, and there are several approaches to evaluate physical disabilities ensuring after treatment of the injury: The McBride's criteria and the criteria for the evaluation of physical disabilities from industrial injury have been introduced to the medical field. As for the degree of physical disabilities, the McBride's criteria are based on occupations and injured sits, and also amputation, the conditions of joints, and complications of fracture and neural injury. On the other hand, the criteria of physical disability of industrial injuries by the Ministry of Labor in Korea are not satisfactory as compared with the McBride's criteria, and in the future various conditions of joints such as a limited angle of joints should be considered in the criteria of industrial injures.
4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid ; Accidents, Occupational ; Amputation ; Hand ; Humans ; Joints ; Korea ; Occupations ; Orthopedics*

Invasive aspergilosis or mucormycosis of the paranasal sinuses involving the cranial cavity is termed'rhinocerebral' mycosis, which is often difficult to differentiate from malignancy. Prognosis of rhinocerabralmycosis: is diastrous and usually fatal. The authors herein report 6 cases of rhinocerebral mycosis: two of themwe mucormycosis and four were aspiergillosis histopathologically. Main CT featurs are nodular mucosal thickeningin the multiple sits of the paranasal sinuses that extend to orbital apex or cavernosu sinus through focaldestruction of bony wall. In spite of their invasiveness beyond bony boundary, destruction is not so remarkableand it is always accompained by bony sclerosis. Awareness of these diseases and CT patterns discussed in thisreport should be helpful in leading to early biopsy and treamtent.
4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid ; Aspergillosis ; Biopsy ; Mucormycosis ; Orbit ; Paranasal Sinuses ; Prognosis ; Sclerosis

The Korean HapMap Project has been carried out for the last 5 years since it started in June, 2003. The project generated data for a sum of 1,764,000 Korean SNPs and formally registered the data to the dbSNP of NCBI (The dbSNP website. 2008). We have developed a series of software programs for association studies as well as for the comparison and analysis of Korean HapMap data with four other populations (CEPH, Yoruba, Han Chinese, and Japanese populations). The KHapmap Browser was developed and integrated to provide haplotype retrieval and comparative study tools of human ethnicities for comprehensive disease association studies (http://www.khapmap.org). On that basis, GBrowse was adopted in the KHapmap Browser for inherent Korean genetic data, and a provision of extended services was pledged with the distributed sequence annotation system (DAS). The dynamic linking service of the KHapmap Browser to other tools in our intranetwork environment provides many enhanced functions over GBrowse without DAS. KHapmap Browser is expected to be an invaluable tool for the study of Korean and international Hapmap data.
4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Haplotypes ; HapMap Project ; Humans ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

The rabbit cornea was studied in vitro in modified Ussing chambers to determine the effects of ion transport inhibitors and hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) on ion transport through the cornea by measuring the bioelectric properties. Apical(tear side, T side) addition of furosemide, bumetanide and SITS were ineffective on resting Isc(short circuit current). Apical addition of 1.0mM amiloride(Na+/H+ antiport inhibitor) and NPAA(Cl- channel blocker) markedly reduced the resting Isc, but basolateral(stromal side, S side) addition of amiloride was ineffective. The site of action of these agents was the apical membrane. H2O2, an oxygen free radical, markedly increased the lsc when was added to the T side, but S side addition of the H2O2 was ineffective. To determine the degree of cellular catalase participation in protection against H2O2 induced injury the cornea was pretreated with ATAZ for 30 min prior to H2O2 action. The increase of lsc by H2O2 was markedly potentiated after pretreatment with ATAZ on T side compared to that of S side addition. This result indicates that the corneal endothelial H2O2 may be largely degraded by catalase. When H2O2 was added to the T side, Isc was raised by increased ion transport. All ion transport inhibitors that were used inhibited the H2O2 effect on Isc. Moreover, amiloride and NPAA markedly inhibited induced lsc by H2O2. These results suggest that H2O2 stimulates the corneal epithelial ion transport and that its site of action is apical membrane Na+/H+ antiport system and CI- channel system.
4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid ; Amiloride ; Bumetanide ; Catalase ; Cornea ; Furosemide ; Hydrogen Peroxide* ; Hydrogen* ; Ion Transport ; Membranes ; Oxygen

OBJECTIVE: Single-incision thoracoscopic surgery (SITS) is being applied to various thoracic diseases because it produces a smaller surgical scar, and is associated with less pain and loss of sensation compared to the traditional 3-port video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). In our previous study, we showed that SITS can be used as a first-line surgical method to treat primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Therefore in this study, we looked into whether SITS can be safely and conveniently applied to other various thoracic diseases. METHODS: The subjects for this study those patients who underwent SITS at this hospital for thoracic diseases, who were admitted to this hospital between December 2013 and February 2015. RESULTS: In this study, SITS was attempted in 50 patients with various thoracic diseases. In 46 cases, SITS was successfully performed. However, in the remaining 4 cases were converted to 2-port or 3-port VATS (8%, 4/50). The reasons for conversion to VATS was due to difficulty in approaching the lesion (n=3) and severe pleural adhesion (n=1). CONCLUSION: We found that SITS is a relatively easy and safe procedure that can be applied to various thoracic diseases. However, the operation may be difficult to perform depending on the location of the lesions or the extent of pleural adhesions. Therefore we recommend SITS in conditions where the lesion is mainly in the upper lobe, such as spontaneous pneumothorax, and in patients with minimal level of pleural adhesions.
4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid ; Cicatrix ; Humans ; Pneumothorax ; Sensation ; Thoracic Diseases* ; Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted ; Thoracoscopy*

A central vacuum scavenger modified by the authors, was used to control the atmospheric contamination of the operating room by anesthetic gases and vapours. Air pollution was monitored by measuring the concentrations of halothane vapour in the air of the operating room with the gas chromatograph. Under endotrachal intubation, the semi-colsed circle absorber system was used for anesthetic administration and maintained with 0.8~1.2% Halothane. Total gas flow rates were 4 liter/min with 50% oxygen in nitrous oxide for daily work. Air sampling was taken early in the morning at 10cm high from the floor before anesthesia. After daily work, they were also done at 10cm, 120cm, and 140cm high from the floor and at the corridor of the operating room. We investigated the differences of halothane concentration according to each sits by the changing central vacuum pressure. Results are followings: The atmospheric halothane concentration of the operating room before anesthesia were 0.27+/-0.12, 0.22+/-0.11 and 0.15+/-0.06 ppm.The atmospheric halothane concentration of the operating room after daily work were 7.94 +/- 1.30 ppm without the active central vacuum pressure.The atmospheric halothane concentration of the operating room after daily work were 1.41 +/-0.48ppm of 20mmHg of central vacuum pressure.The tmospheric halothane concentration of the operating room after daily work were 0.49+/-0.18ppm of 40mmHg of central vacuum pressure. The atmospheric halothane concentrations at the corridor of the operating room after daily work were 1.09+/-0.19, 0.77+/-0.11n and 0.36+/-0.17ppm when each vacuum pressure was 0mmHg, 20mmHg and 40mmHg. A significant reduction (p<0.01) in atmospheric halothane concentration of the operation room was obtained by the use of the central vacuum pressure with the scavenger. The higher the vacuum pressure, the greater reduction of the operating room air pollution was observed.
4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid ; Air Pollution* ; Anesthesia ; Anesthetics, Inhalation ; Halothane* ; Intubation ; Nitrous Oxide ; Operating Rooms* ; Oxygen ; Vacuum*

Congenital vallecular cyst (VC) is a rare cause of stridor and respiratory distress in neonates and infants. Due to the anatomical location of the cyst, an infant with a VC is at risk of life-threatening upper airway obstruction and eventual death. The cyst sits in the vallecular space and can cause significant retroflexion of the epiglottis. It may also present with feeding problems resulting in failure to grow. Endoscopic laryngoscopy is necessary to visualize it and mar-supialization of the cyst is the preferred treatment. We present 2 successfully treated cases of congenital VC in young infants with symptoms of upper respiratory obstruction and feeding problems.
4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid ; Airway Obstruction ; Epiglottis ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Laryngoscopy ; Respiratory Sounds

Acute epiglottitis is a life threatening inflammatory disease of the upper airway mainly in children, however, the recent reports about acute epiglottitis in adults are increasing. The common symptoms are sore throat, dysphagia, dyspnea and salivary drooling. As the laryngeal edema progresses, the patient sits up, leans forward, with the chin thrust forward, having obvious difficulty breathing. Early recognition and proper airway maintenance until the inflammatory edema subsides are essential steps to avoid a possible life threatening upper airway obstruction. We experienced two cases of acute epiglottitis with sitting up position, chin thrust forward, having dyspnea.
4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid ; Adult ; Airway Obstruction ; Child ; Chin* ; Deglutition Disorders ; Dyspnea* ; Edema ; Epiglottitis* ; Humans ; Laryngeal Edema ; Pharyngitis ; Respiration ; Sialorrhea