Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) is a multi-step process in a bioreactor, which completes hydrolase production, enzymatic hydrolysis, and microbial fermentation. It is considered to be the most promising process for the production of second-generation biofuels because of its simple steps and low cost. Due to the complexity of lignocellulose degradation and the butanol synthesis pathway, few wild microorganisms can directly utilize lignocellulose to synthesize butanol. With the development of synthetic biology, single-bacterium directly synthesizes butanol using lignocellulose by introducing a butanol synthesis pathway in the cellulolytic Clostridium. However, there are still some problems such as heavy metabolic load of single bacterium and low butanol yield. Co-culture can relieve the metabolic burden of single bacterium through the division of labor in different strains and can further improve the efficiency of butanol synthesis. This review analyzes the recent research progress in the synthesis of biobutanol using lignocellulose by consolidated bioprocessing from both the single-bacterium strategy and co-culture strategy, to provide a reference for the research of butanol and other biofuels.
1-Butanol ; Biofuels ; Butanols ; Fermentation ; Lignin/metabolism*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The odorant confusion matrix (OCM) odor identification test is a kind of suprathreshold odor identification test using 10 synthetic odorants as stimuli and confusion matrix consisted of closed alternatives. This test is known to have an advantage in qualitative diagnosis of olfactory dysfunction by analyzing mis-identification of odorants at specific nerve dysfunctions. The aim of this study is whether we can use this OCM odor identification test for comparing normals with patients with olfactory disturbance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The OCM odor identification test using 10 synthetic odorants familiar to Korean was applied to 40 normals and 32 patients who showed decreased sense of smell without sinonasal diseases. Percent-corrects of normals were compared with patients and with olfactory thresholds by a modified ascending method of limits (CCCRC) test using successively diluted 1-butanol. RESULTS: Percent-corrects of normals in the OCM odor identification test was higher than those of patients with statistical significance (p<0.001), and the results of OCM odor identification test was well correlated with those of the CCCRC olfactory threshold test (r=0.77). CONCLUSION: The OCM odor identification test exhibited no problems in discriminating patients from normals and can be used in clinical contexts.
1-Butanol ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Odors* ; Olfaction Disorders ; Smell

The present study aims to investigate the effects of the main components(aesculin, berberine hydrochloride, and anemoside B4) in the butyl alcohol extract of Baitouweng Decoction(BAEB) on the chemotaxis of neutrophils induced by dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO). HL60 cells were cultivated in RPMI-1640 complete medium, and transferred into a 6-well plate(2 × 10~5 per mL) with 4 mL in each well, followed by incubation with DMSO at 1.3% for five days. The morphologic changes of cells were observed under an inverted microscope. The CD11 b expression after DMSO induction was analyzed by flow cytometry. The effects of aesculin, berberine hydrochloride, and anemoside B4 on the cell proliferation and migration were detected by CCK8 assay and Transwell assay, respectively. The effects of the main components on the production and polarization of F-actin protein were also examined by flow cytometry and laser confocal microscopy. PI3 K/Akt signaling pathway was checked by Western blot. As revealed by the results, neutrophil-like HL60 cells were observed after DMSO induction. The CD11 b expression in these cells increased significantly as indicated by the flow cytometry. Additionally, 100 μg·mL~(-1) aesculin, 8 μg·mL~(-1) berberine hydrochloride, and 80 μg·mL~(-1) anemoside B4 were potent in inhibiting the migration of neutrophils and reducing F-actin expression. Berberine hydrochloride was verified to be capable of diminishing phosphorylated PI3 K/Akt protein expression. The findings indicate that aesculin, anemoside B4, and especially berberine hydrochloride in the BAEB can inhibit the chemotaxis of neutrophils, which is possibly achieved by the inhibition of F-actin and PI3 K/Akt signaling pathway.
1-Butanol ; Berberine/pharmacology* ; Chemotaxis ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Neutrophils

Chemical constituents of ethanol extract of Pulsatillae Radix were investigated. The n-butanol fraction of ethanol extract of Pulsatillae Radix was isolated and purified by macroporous resin and silica gel column chromatography and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography. The triterpenoid glycosides were identified by multiple spectral methods. Six compounds were obtained from the n-butanol fraction of ethanol extract of Pulsatillae Radix and identified as 23-aldehyde-cussosaponin C(1), cussosaponin C(2), anemoside B4(3), akebia saponin D(4), pulchinenoside E3(5), and hederacoside C(6). Among them, compound 1 was a new compound.
1-Butanol ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Glycosides/chemistry* ; Ethanol/chemistry*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Using n-aliphatic alcohols whose physical properties change gradually as their length increases, we investigated the changes of olfactory threshold and trigeminal pungency threshold with the increase of carbon chain length. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Olfactory and trigeminal pungency thresholds were measured in ethanol (C2), 1-butanol (C4), 1-hexanol (C6) and 1-octanol (C8) in 40 normal adults using a two-alternative forced-choice modified by the ascending method of limit (CCCRC) test. Plastic bottles with 30 ml of four n-aliphatic alcohols were diluted threefold successively by mineral oil. Plastic bottles containing only mineral oil were used as controls. RESULTS: The olfactory and trigeminal pungency thresholds decreased and the ratio of olfactory threshold/trigeminal pungency threshold increased with the length of carbon chain in n-aliphatic alcohols. The correlation coefficients among olfactory thresholds in each alcohol were higher than those among trigeminal pungency thresholds. CONCLUSION: Alcohol with long carbon chains showed low olfactory and trigeminal pungency thresholds, indicating that high lipid solubility is an important factor in olfaction and trigeminal chemosensitivity.
1-Butanol ; 1-Octanol ; Adult* ; Alcohols* ; Carbon* ; Ethanol ; Humans ; Mineral Oil ; Plastics ; Smell ; Solubility

One of the traditional Korean medicine, Drynaria fortunei (D. fortunei) is one of candidates known to be effective for the treatment of inflammation, hyperlipemia, arteriosclerosis, rheumatism, and gynecological diseases such as osteoporosis and bone resorption. The present study investigated the antimicrobial activity of methanol (MeOH) extract and n-butanol (n-BuOH), chloroform (CHCl3), and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fractions of D. fortunei against oral bacteria. The n-BuOH and CHCl3 fractions (MICs, 0.0078 to 0.3125 mg/ml; MBCs, 0.019 to 0.625 mg/ml) were demonstrated as strong antibacterial activity than the MeOH extract and EtOAc fraction. The combination effects of n-BuOH fraction with ampicillin or gentamicin were synergistic against some oral bacteria. We suggest that D. fortunei could be employed as a natural antibacterial agent in oral care products.
1-Butanol ; Ampicillin ; Arteriosclerosis ; Bacteria* ; Bone Resorption ; Chloroform ; Gentamicins ; Hyperlipidemias ; Inflammation ; Methanol ; Osteoporosis ; Polypodiaceae* ; Rheumatic Diseases

Cordyceps bassiana has long been used as an oriental medicine and reported to possess diverse biological activities. The fruiting bodies of Cordyceps bassiana was extracted with ethanol and then further fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water. The butanol fraction from Cordyceps bassiana (CBBF) exhibited the most effective in anti-inflammatory activity in RAW 264.7 macrophages and the roles of CBBF on the anti-inflammation cascade in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were studied. To investigate the mechanism by which CBBF inhibits NO, iNOS and COX-2, the activation of IκB and MAPKs in LPS-activated macrophage were examined. Our present results demonstrated that CBBF inhibits NO production and iNOS expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, and these effects were mediated through the inhibition of IκB-α, JNK and p38 phosphorylation. Also, CBBF suppressed activation of MAPKs including p38 and SAPK/JNK. Furthermore, CBBF significantly suppressed LPS-induced intracellular ROS generation. Its inhibition on iNOS expression, together with its antioxidant activity, may support its anti-inflammatory activity. Thus Cordyceps bassiana can be used as a useful medicinal food or drug for further studies.
1-Butanol ; Cordyceps* ; Ethanol ; Fruit ; Inflammation* ; Macrophages ; Medicine, East Asian Traditional ; Phosphorylation ; RAW 264.7 Cells* ; Water

To evaluate changes in olfactory bulb size in patients with reduced or no sense of smell, 23 normals and 20 hyposmics or anosmics were examined with nasal endoscopy, olfactory testing and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the olfactory bulb. Olfactory testing consisted of a threshold test by bounded three-alternative forced-choice modified ascending method of limits (CCCRC test) and the step method using threefold dilutions of 1-butanol and an olfactory identification test using 32 natural odors familiar to Koreans. The MR evaluation involved the estimation of olfactory bulb size by using a 13 cm diameter general purpose surface coil with 3 mm T1-weighted MR coronal sections without interval. The cut areas of the olfactory bulb in MR coronal sections were measured with a Hope Graph Planimeter (model No. 9-003) after fivefold enlargement. The olfactory bulb was observed in three cuts of MR imaging in all subjects. In the measured area of the olfactory bulb, the anterior portion of the olfactory bulb was significantly smaller than the middle and posterior areas in normals, but hyposmics or anosmics showed decreased olfactory bulb area, especially in height, when compared with normals. There was good correlation between olfactory bulb area and olfactory threshold as well as olfactory identification in normals and patients. MR imaging can be a useful tool for patients with hyposmia or anosmia.
1-Butanol ; Endoscopy ; Hope ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Odors ; Olfaction Disorders ; Olfactory Bulb* ; Smell

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In order to measure the level of nasal trigeminal pungency threshold and to evaluate the interaction between olfactory and trigeminal nerves, we measured olfactory thresholds and trigeminal pungency thresholds using 1-butanol in 40 normal people and in 46 patients with decreased sense of smell by non-sinonasal origin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two-alternative forced-choice modified ascending method of limit (CCCRC test) was used for the measurement of olfactory and pungency thresholds, using 1-butanol plastic squeezable bottles successively threefold diluted by distilled water as stimulus, while distilled water as blank. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference in pungency threshold between normals (2.18+/-1.5 dilution step) and patients (1.11+/-1.0 dilution step)(p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The pungency thresholds of hyposmics and anosmics are higher than those of normals, which suggests that a loss or decrease of olfactory sensation is accompanied by a simultaneous decrease of trigeminal chemosensitivity.
1-Butanol ; Humans ; Olfaction Disorders ; Plastics ; Sensation ; Smell* ; Trigeminal Nerve ; Water

Effects of root, stem and leaf extract of sancho (Zanthoxylum schinifolium) on the inhibition of lipid peroxidation in the hepatic microsome of rat, DPPH radical scavenging activity and activated partial thromboplastin times (APTT) were examined in vitro. The highest inhibition of hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation was observed by ethyl acetate fraction than that of methylene chloride fraction of the root and stem extracts. The high inhibition of lipid peroxidation was determined in the leaf, the root and the stem in order. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of ethyl acetate fraction was higher than that of n-butanol fraction and it was similar to the root and the steam extract. It was similar to the inhibition of hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was the highest in 2.500 mg/mL of ethyl acetate fraction and it was 4.4 fold higher than that of h-tocopherol, as an antioxidant standard. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was dependent on the extract concentration in the range of 0.125 - 5.000 mg/mL. The thromboplastin times were higher than that of n-butanol fraction and it was similar to the root and the steam extracts. The leaf extract showed the highest antithrombogenic effect followed by the stem and then the root extract. The activated partial thromboplastin times were dependent on the extract concentration in the range of 0.100 - 2.000 mg/mL. Consequently, the effects of antioxidative, DPPH radical scavenging activity and antithrombogenic of Z. schinifolium was observed due to the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the DPPH radical scavenging activity by methylene chloride, n-butanol and ethyl acetate fraction of the leaf extract.
1-Butanol ; Animals ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Methylene Chloride ; Microsomes ; Partial Thromboplastin Time ; Rats ; Steam ; Thromboplastin ; Zanthoxylum*