Objective To monitor the susceptibility of clinical isolates to antimicrobial agents in tertiary hospitals in major regions of China in 2022.Methods Clinical isolates from 58 hospitals in China were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using a unified protocol based on disc diffusion method or automated testing systems.Results were interpreted using the 2022 Clinical &Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI)breakpoints.Results A total of 318 013 clinical isolates were collected from January 1,2022 to December 31,2022,of which 29.5％were gram-positive and 70.5％were gram-negative.The prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains in Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species(excluding Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus schleiferi)was 28.3％,76.7％and 77.9％,respectively.Overall,94.0％of MRSA strains were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 90.8％of MRSE strains were susceptible to rifampicin.No vancomycin-resistant strains were found.Enterococcus faecalis showed significantly lower resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents tested than Enterococcus faecium.A few vancomycin-resistant strains were identified in both E.faecalis and E.faecium.The prevalence of penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae was 94.2％in the isolates from children and 95.7％in the isolates from adults.The resistance rate to carbapenems was lower than 13.1％in most Enterobacterales species except for Klebsiella,21.7％-23.1％of which were resistant to carbapenems.Most Enterobacterales isolates were highly susceptible to tigecycline,colistin and polymyxin B,with resistance rates ranging from 0.1％to 13.3％.The prevalence of meropenem-resistant strains decreased from 23.5％in 2019 to 18.0％in 2022 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa,and decreased from 79.0％in 2019 to 72.5％in 2022 in Acinetobacter baumannii.Conclusions The resistance of clinical isolates to the commonly used antimicrobial agents is still increasing in tertiary hospitals.However,the prevalence of important carbapenem-resistant organisms such as carbapenem-resistant K.pneumoniae,P.aeruginosa,and A.baumannii showed a downward trend in recent years.This finding suggests that the strategy of combining antimicrobial resistance surveillance with multidisciplinary concerted action works well in curbing the spread of resistant bacteria.

In this experiment, the PK/PD fitting model of Chuanxiong(Chuanxiong Rhizoma) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis was established in the form of acupoint combined with external application gel paste. Firstly, the rheumatoid arthritis model was induced by ovalbumin, and the articular fluid of rabbits was extracted by microdialysis. The pharmacokinetic process of Chuanxiong in rabbit articular fluid was analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS, and the pharmacokinetic model was established. The pharmacodynamic effects of Chuanxiong on inflammatory factors IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The pharmacodynamic model was established, and the PK/PD model was obtained by fitting the data of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The results of pharmacokinetics showed that the concentration of ligustrolide A in the articular cavity by drug administration on classical acupoint Zusanli(ST 36) was higher than that by Yanglingquan(GB 34), which reflected the advantage of typical acupoint, while ligustrazine concentration was higher after administration through Yanglingquan than through Zusanli, which was different from the traditional acupoint theory. The results of pharmacodynamics showed that the drug had lag effect. The PK/PD model was constructed by fitting the data. When IL-1β was taken as the efficacy index, the PK/PD models of Chuanxiong in typical acupoint Zusanli group, atypical acupoint Yanglingquan group, and non-acupoint group were E=115.28C_e/(3 316.72+C_e), E=108.73C_e/(2 993.47+C_e), and E=101.34C_e/(3 028.51+C_e). When TNF-α was taken as the efficacy index, the PK/PD models of Chuanxiong in typical acupoint Zusanli group, atypical acupoint Yanglingquan group, and non-acupoint group were E=68.31C_e/(3 285.16+C_e), E=59.27C_e/(2 919.86+C_e), and E=53.61C_e/(2 862.87+C_e). When IL-6 was taken as the efficacy index, the PK/PD models of Chuanxiong in typical acupoint Zusanli group, atypical acupoint Yanglingquan group, and non-acupoint group were E=59.92C_e/(3 461.17+C_e), E=58.34C_e/(2 723.51+C_e), and E=49.17C_e/(2 862.76+C_e). The parameters showed that there were significant differences in E_(max), EC_(e50) and k_(eo). The analysis of data found that the PK/PD fitting effect of Zusanli, a typical acupoint, was the best, which proved that it was still the best site for drug administration. To sum up, it shows that there may be bidirectional selectivity between drugs and acupoints.
Animals ; Rabbits ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Interleukin-6 ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Acupuncture Points ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy*

Objective: To estimate the burden of cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases caused by specific etiologies in China. Methods: Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 (GBD 2016) were used. We evaluated the burden by analyzing age-sex-province-specific prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of 33 provinces in China. Results: From 1990 to 2016, prevalence cases in thousands increased by 73.7% from 6833.3 (95% : 6498.0-7180.6) to 11869.6 (95% : 11274.6-12504.7). Age-standardized mortality and DALY rates per 100,000 decreased by 51.2% and 53.3%, respectively. Male and elderly people (aged ≥ 60 years) preponderance were found for prevalence, mortality, and DALYs. The number of prevalence cases, deaths, and DALYs due to hepatitis C virus (HCV) increased by 86.6%, 8.7%, and 0.9%, respectively. Also, age-standardized prevalence rates decreased in 31 provinces, but increased in Yunnan and Shandong. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) values were negatively correlated with age-standardized mortality and DALY rates by provinces in 2016; the correlation coefficients were -0.817 and -0.828, respectively. Conclusion Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases remain a huge health burden in China, with the increase of population and the aging of population. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains the leading cause of the health burden in China.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 receptor antagonist PD160170 in promoting osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and accelerating healing of femoral defect in rats.

METHODSThe third generation of rat BMSCs were treated with PBS (control) or 10, 10, or 10 mol/L NPY Y1 receptor antagonist PD160170. After 7 and 14 days of treatment, the cells were examined for osteogenic differentiation with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alizarin red staining. At 7 and 21 days of treatment, the mRNA and protein expressions of collagen type I (COLI), osteocalcin (OCN) and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) in the cells were detected using q-PCR and Westem Blotting. In a male SD rat model (body weight 300∓20 g) of bilateral femoral condyle defects (2.5 mm in diameter), the effect of daily local injection of 0.2 mL PD160170 (10 and 10 mol/L, for 28 consecutive days) in promoting bone defect repair was evaluated with micro-CT scans.

RESULTSALP and alizarin red staining showed that the BMSCs treated with PD160170, at the optimal concentration of 10 mol/L, contained more intracellular cytoplasmic brown particles and mineralized nodules in extracellular matrix than PBS-treated cells. PD160170 (10 mol/L) significantly up-regulated the mRNA and protein expressions of COLI at day 7 and those of OCN and Runx2 at day 21 (P<0.05). In the rat models of femoral bone defect, the volume/tissue volume ratio, bone mineral density and the number of bone trabeculae were significantly greater in 10 mol/L PD160170 group than in the control group (P<0.05), but the bone trabecular thickness (P=0.07) and bone volume (P=0.35) were similar between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONNPY Y1 receptor antagonist PD160170 can promote osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and healing of femoral defects in rats, suggesting the potential of therapeutic strategies targeting NPY Y1 receptor signaling in the prevention and treatment of bone fracture and osteoporosis.

Objective To optimize antimicrobial use process,ensure the rational use of preoperative antimicrobial prophylaxis during consecutive operations.Methods Antimicrobial use process in a hospital in December 2015 was optimized,6 072 cases of consecutive operations in May-November 2015 were selected as control group,5 832 cases of consecutive operations in December 2015-May 2016 were as trial group,the qualified rate of rational use of antimicrobial agents was compared between two groups,causes for delayed/prior use was analyzed.Results Before and after the optimization of antimicrobial use process,rates of antimicrobial use were 77.16％ and 78.80％ respectively,there was significant difference between two groups(x2 =8.305,P =0.004).After the optimization of antimicrobial use process,rate of antimicrobial use within 0.5-1 hour was significantly higher than that before the optimization (82.36％ vs 41.11％);rate of antimicrobial use ＜0.5 hour before skin incision decreased from 57.11％ before optimization to 4.32％ after optimization;but rate of antimicrobial use ＞1 hour before skin incision increased from 1.78％ to 13.32％.Causes for delay/prior use of antimicrobial agents was due to the lack of effective communication between doctors and nurses,which resulted in circuit nurses' inaccurate assessment on interval of consecutive operations(62.13％),the duration of intubation or puncture was too long for anesthesiologists (13.57％).Conclusion Optimizing antimicrobial use process in consecutive operations can improve prophylactic antimicrobial use rate within 0.5-1 hour,and is helpful for ensuring the efficacy of antimicrobial prophylaxis.

Objective To evaluate the impact of resveratrol on coronary collateral circulation in pigs suffered from experimental acute coronary occlusion.Methods Eighteen healthy pigs were randomly divided into 3 groups:resveratrol group,nitroglycerin group and control group.Animal model of acute coronary occlusion was established through PTCA method,and the blood flow spectrum in the left circumflex artery (LGX) was detected using intracoronary Doppler ultrasound.Results The average peak velocity (APV) in infarction correlation artery (IRA) was significantly decreased immediately after coronary occlusion [ (0.85 ± 0.25 ) cm/s vs.( 24.83 ± 3.43 ) cm/s,P ＜ 0.05 ].The APV remained unchanged during 0,30 and 60 minutes after the occlusion.Reversed or bidirectional blood flow was observed and the APV increased significantly [ (9.22 ± 0.80) cm/s vs.(0.84 ± 0.21 ) cm/s,(8.93 ± 1.28) cm/s vs.(0.86 ± 0.26 ) cm/s respectively,P ＜0.05] after the coronary injection of resveratrol (2 mg) or nitroglycerin (0.3 mg).There was no significant difference in peak APV between the resveratrol and nitroglycerin groups.The duration of increased APV was significantly longer in resveratrol group than that in nitroglycerin group [ (58.83 ±6.15)min vs.(21.80 ±5.79)min,P ＜0.05].Conclusions The collateral circulation after acute coronary occlusion was obviously insufficient in pigs.Resveratrol could significantly improve the blood flow in coronary collateral circulation after acute occlusion in this model.

0.05). The blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and oxidized low density lipoprotein degrade, insulin resistance were improved in probucol group after treatment, while the adiponectin level was increased(P

Objective To investigate the effects of Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang on serum contents of microelements sunch as Zn,Cu,Fe,Se and Mn in spontaneously hypertensive rats-stroke prone(SHR/SP). Methods Twenty male SHR/SP of 8 weeks old were divided into two groups: treatment group(n=10),treatmemt with Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang;control group,taking normal feed.Ten WKY rats were served as blank group. The experiment lasted for three months,and the monitored parameters were serum contents of microelements such as Zn,Cu,Fe,Se and Mn. Results It was revealed that the serum contents of Zn,Mn and Se of the blank group were significantly higher than those of the treatment group(P0.05). Conclusion Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang may have regulatory effects on the serum contents of microelements such as Zn,Cu,Fe,Se and Mn in SHR/SP.

Animals ; Bone Marrow Cells ; cytology ; Carbon Tetrachloride ; Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Genetic Therapy ; methods ; Hepatocyte Growth Factor ; genetics ; pharmacology ; Hepatocytes ; cytology ; Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental ; therapy ; Male ; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

AIMTo assess whether hepatocyte growth factor recruits bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells into blood circulation to participate in postnatal angiogenesis and endothelium repair.

METHODSThe adenovirus vector encoding HGF gene (Ad-HGF) were intravenous administrated into BALB/c mice, and then serum HGF was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the number of CD34+ cells in peripheral blood was assayed by flow cytometry, and the nucleated cells in peripheral blood were isolated, cultured and the endothelial cell colonies were characterized by staining with antibodies against tie-2, vWF. The carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage model of female mice was established. The peripheral blood nucleated cells of Ad-HGF treated male mice were intravenous administrated into these mice, and 4 weeks later, in situ hybridization for the sry gene was used to identify the implanted cells in the damaged tissues.

RESULTSIntravenous administration of Ad-HGF resulted in significant elevation of serum hepatocyte growth factor level and induced profoundly increase of endothelial progenitor cells in the peripheral blood, which were characterized by their ability to form endothelial cell colonies in culture and expression of CD34, tie-2, and vW factor. HGF-mobilized endothelial progenitors could incorporate into sites of neovascularization in a liver regeneration model.

CONCLUSIONHepatocyte growth factor could markedly recruit bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells into blood circulation.

Animals ; Bone Marrow Cells ; cytology ; Endothelial Cells ; cytology ; Female ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization ; Hepatocyte Growth Factor ; pharmacology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Stem Cells ; cytology