Androgen deprivation therapy can effectively suppress the progression of prostate cancer, but accumulating evidence for the relationship of testosterone with prostate cancer challenges the conventional wisdom. High levels of testosterone are not risk factors for prostate cancer, nor promote its development. On the contrary, a low testosterone level indicates a worse pathological stage. So far there has been no strong evidence to prove the role of testosterone in the occurrence and progression of prostate cancer. Therefore, the relationship between testosterone and prostate cancer is quite complicated and deserves further investigation.
Humans ; Male ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; Testosterone

Adolescent ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Parotid Diseases ; pathology ; Parotid Gland ; pathology ; Recurrence

Objective: To prepare sustained-release polylactic acid microspheres containing bupivacaine (BUP-PLA-MS) and to measure its dissolution in vitro. Methods: BUP-PLA-MS was prepared with polylactic acid (PLA) as carriers using the water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion solvent evaporation method. The powder particle characteristics of BUP-PLA-MS were evaluated comprehensively, and its dissolution characteristics in vitro were studied. Results: It was indicated that bupivacaine formed molecular dispersion within PLA matrix by differential thermal analysis(DTA). The in vitro release behavior of bupivacaine could be best described by Higuchi equation, with t 1/2 =22.76 h. Conclusion: Release of bupivacaine from microspheres is sustained in vitro.

Transforming growth factor-?(TGF-?) is a kind of multifunctional cytokine that regulates cell growth,differentiation,cellular senescence,apoptosis,wound healing and embryo development.As a tumor suppressor,deregulated or aberrant TGF-? signaling has been strongly implicated in human solid tumors,as well as in normal and malignant hematopoiesis.TGF? exerts an inhibitory role during the whole procedure of hematopoiesis.As a cell cycle inhibitor,it maintains cells in a quiescent state and can downregulate expression of hematopoiesis activators and oncoproteins.In malignant hematopoiesis,altered expression of coactivators or corepressors involve in TGF-?-induced transcriptional responses and loss/disruption of TGF-? target gene expression.Then malignant cells grow and differentiate abnormally.In acute promyelocytic leukemia,PML-RAR? may inhibit TGF-? signaling through inhibition of cPML and nPML.Degradation of PML-RAR? by ATRA restores this signaling pathway.

AIM: To quantitatively investigate transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) and its receptors in normal bulbar conjunctival tissues and pterygium tissues. METHODS: Thirty cases of pterygium patients were randomly selected to undergo surgical resection of pterygium lesion, and the normal margin of bulbar con-junctival tissues were collected as control. Gene expres-sion was detected quantitatively by the method of quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) analysis. RESULTS: The expression level of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 was 4.26×10-7±1.45×10-7 and 1.08×10-10±0.68×10-10 in normal bulbar conjunctival tissues, while 10.67×10-7±7.47×10-7 and 8.23×10-11±6.63×10-11 in pterygium tissues. The expression level of TGF-βRⅠand TGF-βRⅡwas 0.003015±0.0036 and 5.33×10-5±5.05×10-5in normal bulbar conjunctival tissues, while 0.000379±0.000281 and 1.002×10-5±9.04×10-6 in pterygium tissues. The expression level of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 in pterygium was elevated (P<0.01). TGF-β1 expression level in pterygium increase 2.9±2.8 times than in normal conjunctiva. TGF-β2 expression level in pterygium increase 7.5±1.4 times than in normal conjunctiva. The expression level of TGF-βRⅠin pterygium was significantly lower (P<0.05). The expression level of TGF-βRII in pterygium was significantly lower (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: QRT-PCR is an effective method to quantitatively detect gene expression in eye. The upregulation of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 and downregulation of their receptors expression may play an important role in the pathogenesis of pterygium, which is noteworthy further investigation in diagnosis and treatment of pterygium.real-time PCR; gene expression

Background Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a diverse group of diseases determined by genetic and environmental factors.Considerable research has been done on genes associated with the development of the heart.Recently,focus is on the role of transcription factor NFATc1 in the development of proper valve and septa.As part of a larger study,high density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) scanning was used to explore the relationship between NFATc1 gene polymorphism and susceptibility to ventricular septal defect (VSD) in the Chinese Han population.Methods One hundred and ninety-two pediatric patients with congenital VSD and 192 matching healthy control subjects were studied.The haplotype reconstructions were calculated by PHASE2.0 software.Haploview software was used to perform linkage disequilibrium assessment and define haplotype blocks.The algorithm used for defining the blocks was the confidence interval method.Results The NFATc1 gene region can be divided into 11 haplotype blocks.Strong linkage disequilibrium existed within blocks 6,8,9,and 11.Three SNPs (rs7240256,rs11665469,and rs754505) within the NFATc1 gene had significant correlation with VSD by single marker association analysis.In addition,two haplotypes correlated with VSD.Conclusions NFATc1 is associated with the occurrence of VSD and it may be a predisposing gene to CHD in Han Chinese.This finding has set a direction for further genetic and functional studies.

Objective To observe the clinical curative effect of modified Qiwei Baizhu Powder for mesenteric lymphadenitis in children with spleen deficiency and dampness retention. Methods A multi-center randomized and controlled trial was carried out in 150 cases of mesenteric lymphadenitis in children with spleen deficiency and dampness retention. The patients were randomized into Chinese medicine group, western medicine group and combination group, 50 cases in each group. Chinese medicine group was treated with modified Qiwei Baizhu Powder, western medicine group was treated with Cefaclor for Oral Suspension, and the combination group was treated with modified Qiwei Baizhu Powder plus Cefaclor for Oral Suspension. Before treatment and after treatment for 7 days, one month and 3 months, changes in syndrome manifestations and the size of abdominal mesenteric lymph nodes were monitored. The total effective rate and cure rate of the three groups were compared, and the safety of the regimen was also evaluated. Results (1) In Chinese medicine group, 5 patients dropped out, and a total of 45 cases completed the trial; in western medicine group, 3 patients dropped out, and a total of 47 cases completed the trial; in the combination group, 7 patients dropped out, and a total of 43 casescompleted the trial.(2) The total effective rate of Chinese medicine group and combination group after treatment for 7 days, one month and 3 months was significantly higher than that of western medicine group (P < 0.05), and the cure rate after treatment for one month and 3 months was also significantly higher than that of western medicine group (P<0.01). The differences of total effective rate and cure rate were insignificant between Chinese medicine group and combination group(P>0.05) at various time points.(3) After treatment for 7 days, one month and 3 months, the transverse and longitudinal diameters of mesenteric lymph nodes in Chinese medicine group and combination group were shorter than those of western medicine group (P < 0.05) , but the difference was insignificant between Chinese medicine group and combination group (P>0.05). (4) Except for the drop-out cases, all of the children finished the trial. During the treatment, no obvious adverse reaction was found. Conclusion Modified Qiwei Baizhu Powder exerts certain efficacy for the treatment of mesenteric lymphadenitis in children with spleen deficiency and dampness retention.

Objective To research ischemic postconditioning on heart function after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion(I/R),and the protective mechanisms. Methods Thirty-two rats were divided into four groups:I/R group ( n = 8 ) , ischemic postconditioning group (n=8),myocardial ischemic postconditioning+ NSC-74859 (STAT3 inhibitor) group(n=8),and control group(n=8). Establish a model of rat to observe changes of the heart rate,LVSP,+dp/dtmax,-dp/dtmax,coronary flow and myocardial enzyme spectrum in each group un-der different conditions. Results Compared with ischemia-reperfusion group,heart rate of the reperfusion period,CK and LDH of coronary ef-fluent in the ischemic postconditioning group were obviously lower,while left ventricular systolic pressure,change of intraventricular pressure, and coronary effluent volume increased obviously. And after inhibition of STAT3 expression,this protective effect decreased significantly. Con-clusion Ischemic postconditioning can provide potent cardioprotective effect in which STAT3 mediates the cardioprotective effects.

BACKGROUND: Bupivacaine is widely used to alleviate post-operation pain and cure acute and chronic pain caused by inflammation or cancer.Its analgesic time cannot meet the request that drug is released slowly to prolong the analgesic time in clinic.OBJECTIVE: To detect the alleviating effect of bupivacaine polylactic acid microspheres taking high molecular polymer-polylactic acid as vector in rabbits with high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) and traditional skin test method.DESIGN: A completely randomized controlled animal experimental study.SETTING: School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLAMATERIALS: Sixteen New Zealand rabbits, weighing (2.58±0.17)kg were used in this experiment.INTERVENTIONS: The experiment was carried out at the Department of pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA between September and November 2002. ① Animal models were established according to traditional skin test method. ② Totally 16 New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into 2 groups: Group A and Group B, with 8 in each one. 5 mg/kg bupivacaine parenteral solution was injected subcutaneously in Group A, 5 mg/kg bupivacaine polylactic acid microspheres were implanted between subcutaneous tissue and sarcolemma in Group B. We took 1.5 mL blood from ear border vein at 5, 10, 20, 30,45 minutes, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours after administration of bupivacaine parenteral solution respectively in Group A and another 1.5 mL at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 24, 3 6, 48 and 60 hours after admistration of bupivacaine microsphere powder for index detection. ③ HPLC method was used to detect the concentration and releasing effect of bupivacaine in blood serum.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Concentration change of bupivacaine in blood serum and efficacy diameter of local anesthetic.RESULTS:All the 16 rabbits entered the stage of result analysis. ①Change of bupivacaine concentration: Plasma bupivacaine concentration in Group A reached the peaked quickly after subutaneous injection with the high concentration of 2.466 4 mg/L, then declined quickly. Plasma bupivacaine concentration in Group B was relative stable, reached a peak much slowly after subcutaneous implantation, with peak concentration of 0.778 1 mg/L, and the plasma bupivacaine concentration maintained a relative low level, the mean retention time was obviously prolonged (P ＜ 0.05).② Alleviating effect of bupivacaine: The analgesic time was significantly longer in the bupivacaine microsphere group than in the bupivacaine parenteral solution group (P ＜ 0.05).CONCLUSION:Bupivacaine polylactic acid microspheres have sustained release effects in rabbits.

BACKGROUND: Autologous blood transfusion device has been widely used in the clinic, reduces al ogeneic blood transfusion, and avoids the occurrence of blood transfusion complications, and effectively improves the patient’s blood safety, but the application of autologous blood transfusion after total hip arthroplasty has been seldom reported. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the safety and effectiveness of autologous blood transfusion after total hip arthroplasty. METHODS: 200 patients were treated by primary unilateral total hip arthroplasty from March 2013 to March 2015. They were randomly divided into two groups. 127 patients in the autologous blood transfusion group received autologous blood transfusion by a drainage tube. 73 patients in the negative pressure drainage bal group received a negative pressure drainage tube. The standard for al ogeneic blood transfusion after replacement was hemoglobin < 80 g/L. The changes in hemoglobin were compared before and 1 and 7 days after replacement between the two groups. Total drainage volume and al ogeneic blood transfusion were compared within 6 hours after replacement between the two groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were no statistical differences in hemoglobin levels at 7 days before and after replacement, in drainage volume within 6 hours and the total drainage volume between the two groups (P >0.05). Hemoglobin levels were significantly higher in the autologous blood transfusion group than in the negative pressure drainage bal group at 1 day after replacement (P < 0.05). In the autologous blood transfusion group, autologous blood transfusion volume was averagely 324.2 mL. Al ogeneic blood transfusion volume was averagely 146.7 mL in 31 patients. No reaction was found after autologous blood transfusion. In the negative pressure drainage bal group, 49 patients received al ogeneic blood transfusion (averagely 261 mL). The volume and proportion of al ogeneic blood transfusion were significantly lower in the autologous blood transfusion group than in the negative pressure drainage bal group (P < 0.05). Among patients receiving al ogeneic blood transfusion, seven patients affected pyrogenetic reaction during blood transfusion. These findings suggested that autologous blood transfusion is simple and effective, can effectively reduce the volume and reaction of al ogeneic blood transfusion after total hip arthroplasty and avoid blood-borne diseases, with good prospects.